• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.211-220
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• 2019

It helps to wisely abstain from errors of the a priori subjective emotions related to human emotions, and orders emotions to make rational choices. These emotional happiness of human and moral sensitivities work directly or indirectly in rational choice of rational thought and reason. Abraham would have been troubled by the divine mandate to sacrifice a son who was only one, and a son who had been healed. Was his reason reasonable at this time? In rational reason, it can be said that the act of dedicating his son is an appropriate act, but is it possible in the human mind? Aristoteles also called human virtue virtue in good for human beings. Because happiness is also a mental activity, we have to know a certain degree about the mind. This ψυχή(psyche, spirit) spirit is an irrational element that is invisible but an intervention in rational principles. Also C. G. Jung states that all human beings have four dynamic psychological functions that are not visible, and that the mind is driven by these four functional dimensions. This means that the elements of S, Sensing, N, Intuition, T, Thinking, and Feeling are combined. David Hume also emphasized the principle of empathy, asserting that morality can not be derived from reason, and Max Ferdinand Scheler, before grasping the visual characteristics of a person, has already captured the whole feeling of the person, And that the value given to this feeling is the value, and that the function of emotion that is elevated to the perceived object by grasping the value through this process and the value is always preceded by the reason. Emmanuel Levinas states that emotional emotions of love are ahead of reason and that emotions precede human reasoning and rationality is the inability of emotional control that we need rational thought and rational and wise action as reason of control and temperance. As part of human emotional education, in the 7th curriculum, Bloom's cognitive, perceptive, and behavioral domain, which is a person with integrated thinking, is trying to be a moral practitioner. It focuses on how to act according to the direction of emotions for virtuous acts and how to develop emotions for emotions on behalf of vicious acts. We can design the possibility and direction of cultivating human emotions and emotional happiness and happy sensitivities by the principle of strengthening virtue and the principle of elimination of ill feeling.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.171-185
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of Allium hookeri (AH) root powder on the gut microbiome, immunity, and health in broiler chickens fed experimental diets from d 10 to 28. A total of 60 10-day-old Ross 308 broilers were weighed and assigned to two dietary treatments with 5 birds per cage in a randomized complete block design based on body weight. The two experimental diets consisted of a control diet based on corn-soybean meal and the control diet supplemented with 0.3% AH root powder. All birds were fed ad libitum with experimental diets and water for 18 d. At 28 d, two birds near the median weight from each cage were selected for cecal content and small intestinal tissue sample collection. The addition of AH changed the gut microbiome by increasing probiotic candidate beneficial bacteria such as Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Limosilactobacillus, Cuneatibacter, and Ruminoccoides. Regarding gut immunity, the supplementation of AH resulted in changes in intestinal immune cells, including reduced CD3+CD4+ T cells, which are a type of helper T cell, in the small intestine of birds (P=0.049). Additionally, there was a tendency to increase the expression of antioxidant function-related gene such as GPX2 (P=0.060), but no significant changes were observed in cytokines such as IL1b, IL6, and IL10. Overall, the addition of AH root powder may have positive effects on the microbiome of the chickens. This may help promote gut health in broiler chickens at the age of d 10 to 28.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2024

Purpose: This aim of this study was to demonstrate growth factors that differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes and to evaluate cell proliferation enhancement by needle size differences. Materials and Methods: Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in chondrogenic medium supplemented with BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-13, FGF-2, FGF-18, IGF-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 and without growth factors for 14, 21, and 28 days. Then, the expression levels of SOX-5, SOX-6, SOX-9 and FOXO1A were comparatively analyzed. Human mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated into culture dishes using 18, 21, and 26 gauge (G) needles, and cell proliferation was measured after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Results: In addition to the previously known FGF, IGF-1, and TGFβ1,the BMP family growth factors such as BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 increased the expression of chondrocyte differentiation genes SOX-5, SOX-6, SOX-9, and FOXO1A. At 48 hours, the 26G group, the smallest needle, showed significant cell proliferation improvement compared to the control group and the 18G group. At 72 hours, the 26G group, the smallest needle, showed significant increase in cell proliferation compared to the control group. Conclusion: Through this study, growth factors with the ability to induce chondrocyte differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells were investigated, and cell proliferation changes by needle size differences were determined.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.416-423
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• 2023

Figs has known to have antioxidant, whitening, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects in their leaves, roots, stems, latex, and fruits. In order to develop cosmetic materials based on natural products, we have studied on the skin activity of the ficin in latex as well as the whitening function of the fruit extract with 70% ethanol, and used it as a raw material for released cosmetic product. However, there is little research on the demand for the development of new eutectic solvent extraction methods and its ability to control skin inflammation and psoriasis regulation. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of fig fruit extracts and fractions using eutectic solvent extraction for skin inflammation control and psoriasis. First, fig fruits were extracted under optimal eutectic solvent conditions and fractionated with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. First, the antioxidant activity and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production were confirmed in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. In addition, as a result of observing the mRNA expression through RT-PCR, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL1α, and IL-1β were suppressed significantly in the hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions. In addition, it was confirmed in TNF-α stimulated HaCaT keratinocyte model. Finally, chemokine CC motif ligand 20 (CCL20), marker gene of human psoriasis skin disease, was significantly suppressed in the hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions. These results suggested its anti-inflammatory and skin soothing effect and the possibility of development as an excellent skin soothing natural cosmetic material in the future through future clinical trials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1973

For regulating the depth of midwater trawl nets towed at the optimum constant speed, the changes in the shape of warps caused by adding a weight on an arbitrary point of the warp of catenary shape is studied. The shape of a warp may be approximated by a catenary. The resultant inferences under this assumption were experimented. Accordingly feasibilities for the application of the result of this study to the midwater trawl nets were also discussed. A series of experiments for basic midwater trawl gear models in water tank and a couple of experiments of a commercial scale gears at sea which involve the properly designed depth control devices having a variable attitude horizontal wing were carried out. The results are summarized as follows: 1. According to the dimension analysis the depth y of a midwater trawl net is introduced by $$y=kLf(\frac{W_r}{R_r},\;\frac{W_o}{R_o},\;\frac{W_n}{R_n})$$) where k is a constant, L the warp length, f the function, and $W_r,\;W_o$ and $W_n$ the apparent weights of warp, otter board and the net, respectively, 2. When a boat is towing a body of apparent weight $W_n$ and its drag $D_n$ by means of a warp whose length L and apparent weight $W_r$ per unit length, the depth y of the body is given by the following equation, provided that the shape of a warp is a catenary and drag of the warp is neglected in comparison with the drag of the body: $$y=\frac{1}{W_r}\{\sqrt{{D_n^2}+{(W_n+W_rL)^2}}-\sqrt{{D_n^2+W_n}^2\}$$ 3. The changes ${\Delta}y$ of the depth of the midwater trawl net caused by changing the warp length or adding a weight ${\Delta}W_n$_n to the net, are given by the following equations: $${\Delta}y{\approx}\frac{W_n+W_{r}L}{\sqrt{D_n^2+(W_n+W_{r}L)^2}}{\Delta}L$$ $${\Delta}y{\approx}\frac{1}{W_r}\{\frac{W_n+W_rL}{\sqrt{D_n^2+(W_n+W_{r}L)^2}}-{\frac{W_n}{\sqrt{D_n^2+W_n^2}}\}{\Delta}W_n$$ 4. A change ${\Delta}y$ of the depth of the midwater trawl net by adding a weight $W_s$ to an arbitrary point of the warp takes an equation of the form $${\Delta}y=\frac{1}{W_r}\{(T_{ur}'-T_{ur})-T_u'-T_u)\}$$ Where $$T_{ur}^l=\sqrt{T_u^2+(W_s+W_{r}L)^2+2T_u(W_s+W_{r}L)sin{\theta}_u$$ $$T_{ur}=\sqrt{T_u^2+(W_{r}L)^2+2T_uW_{r}L\;sin{\theta}_u$$ $$T_{u}^l=\sqrt{T_u^2+W_s^2+2T_uW_{s}\;sin{\theta}_u$$ and $T_u$ represents the tension at the point on the warp, ${\theta}_u$ the angle between the direction of $T_u$ and horizontal axis, $T_u^2$ the tension at that point when a weights $W_s$ adds to the point where $T_u$ is acted on. 5. If otter boards were constructed lighter and adequate weights were added at their bottom to stabilize them, even they were the same shapes as those of bottom trawls, they were definitely applicable to the midwater trawl gears as the result of the experiments. 6. As the results of water tank tests the relationship between net height of H cm velocity of v m/sec, and that between hydrodynamic resistance of R kg and the velocity of a model net as shown in figure 6 are respectively given by $$H=8+\frac{10}{0.4+v}$$ $$R=3+9v^2$$ 7. It was found that the cross-wing type depth control devices were more stable in operation than that of the H-wing type as the results of the experiments at sea. 8. The hydrodynamic resistance of the net gear in midwater trawling is so large, and regarded as nearly the drag, that sweeping depth of the gear was very stable in spite of types of the depth control devices. 9. An area of the horizontal wing of the H-wing type depth control device was $1.2{\times}2.4m^2$. A midwater trawl net of 2 ton hydrodynamic resistance was connected to the devices and towed with the velocity of 2.3 kts. Under these conditions the depth change of about 20m of the trawl net was obtained by controlling an angle or attack of $30^{\circ}$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 1989

The study was carried out to elucidate the feedback mechanism on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system from the functional changes of ovary in female rats. One hundred and forty-four mature female rats were lloted into the three groups; ovariectoimzed group, estradiol treated group and intact control group. The varies of 48 heads of rat were completely removed. Forty eight heads of rat were administered with $200{\mu}g$ of estradiol benzoate every 48 hours. Serum FSH, LH and prolactin levels were determined with radioimmunoassay method at 3,6,12,24 ours, and 5,10, and 15days after treatment. The rats were necropsied to measure the weights of hypophysis and to examin the histological changes in the organs. The results obtained were as follows: The weights of hypophysis were increased after ovariectomy and decreased after estradiol injection. The differences in hypophysis weights were significant between the group from 5 days after treatment. The histological changes in hypophysis were appeared from 5th day after ovariectomy. Proliferation and hypertrophy began to occur in basophilic from 10th day after ovariectomy, chromophobes were slightly hypertrophied and acidophilic cells were atrophied. In estradiol injected rats the histological findings were appeard to be contrary to those of ovariectomized rats. Serum FSH levels significantly changed after ovariectomy and estradiol injection and were higher in both the treated groups than in the intact control group. Within 18 hours after treatment the level was the highest in ovariectomized group, and thereafter the highest level was found in estradiol treated gorup. In ovariectomized rats the levels were rapidly increased 3 hours after treatment and maximum levels were found 18 hours after treatment. In estradiol treated rats the levels started to increase 18 hours after treatment and reached maximum levels 24 hours treatment. 4. Serum LH levels started to increase 3 hours after ovariectomy and estradiol injection and reached maximum levels 12 hours after ovariectomy and 24 hours after estradiol injection. There were significant differences in LH levels between the groups in each observation time. Up to 18 hours after treatment levels were higher in ovariectomized rats than in estradiol treated rats. but thereafter the levels were higher in estradiol treated rats than in ovariectomized rats. The multiple range test showed that a significant difference in LH levels was not found between ovariectomized group and estradiol treated group 18 hours and 5 days after treatment. 5. Serum prolactin levels were significantly changed after ovariectomy and estradiol injection. The levels were lower in ovariectomized rats than in intact control rats.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2000

The pH, EC and anion of stemflow in Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis were surveyed and analyzed in order to examine the relationship between watershed conservation function and flood control function of forest in quality and quantity in the Experiment Forests. College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University. The results were as follows: 1. pH values of rainfall ranged from 4.47 to 6.55(average: 5.39), and pH values of throughfall ranged from 4.07 to 6.25(average 5.45) for Q. mongolica and from 4.34 to 6.57(average : 5.62) for Q. variabilis, and thus pH values were not different between these two species. Also, pH values of stemflow from Q. mongolica ranged from 4.08 to 6.13(average 5.17) and those of stemflow from Q. variabilis ranged from 3.62 to 6.11(average : 4.68), and pH values of rainfall gave little influence on pH values of stemflow. But, pH values of stemflow in Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis appeard significantly lower in spring and than those in summer and autumn. 2. EC of rainfall was $3.0{\sim}62.6{\mu}s/cm$(average: $18.8{\mu}s/cm$), and EC of throughfall was $5.4{\sim}85.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $25.1{\mu}s/cm$) for Q. mongolica and $5.0{\sim}253.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $31.2{\mu}s/cm$) for Q. variabilis. Also, EC of stemflow from Q. mongolica ranged from 9.5 to $500.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $81.8{\mu}s/cm$) and that of stemflow from Q. variabilis ranged from 11.5 to $534.5{\mu}s/cm$(average : $80.2{\mu}s/cm$). Seasonal EC of rainfall had little variation in the range of 20 to $30{\mu}s/cm$: EC of stemflow showed more than $100{\mu}s/cm$ from March to April and about $30{\mu}s/cm$ in summer period. Seasonal EC of stemflow varied so much and appeared high again from October to November. 3. $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2- }}$ concentrations of rainfall and throughfall were from 1 to 15ppm. and $PO_4{^{2- }}$ concentrations showed 0.57ppm and 0.23ppm in rainfall, 0.08ppm in Q. mongolica and 0.14ppm, 0.12ppm and 1.19ppm in Q. variabilis. Also, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of stemflow were relatively higher than rainfall, and showed differences among seasons. $PO_4{^{2-}}$ concentration of rainfall and throughfall were not possible to observe, but $PO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of stemflow ranged from 0.08 to 31.99ppm(average : 3.22ppm) for Q. mongolica and that of stemflow ranged from 0.06 to 12.28ppm(average : 1.93ppm) for Q. variabilis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.558-570
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• 1996

Background : The detection of Collapsible airways has important therapeutic implications in chronic airway disease and bronchial asthma. The distinction of a purely collapsible airways disease from that of asthma is important because the treatment of the dormer may include the use of pursed lip breathing or nasal positive pressure ventilation whereas in the latter, pharmacologic approaches are used. One form of irreversible airflow limitation is collapsible airways, which has been shown to be a Component of asthma or to emphysema, it can be assessed by the volume difference between what exits the lung as determined by a spirometer and the volume compressed as measured by the plethysmography. Method : To investigate whether volume difference between slow and forced vital Capacity(SVC-FVC) by spirometry may be used as a surrogate index of airway collapse, we examined pulmonary function parameters before and after bronchodilator agent inhalation by spirometry and body plethysmography in 20 cases of patients with evidence of airflow limitation(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 12 cases, stable bronchial asthma 7 cases, combined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with asthma 1 case) and 20 cases of normal subjects without evidence of airflow limitation referred to the Pusan National University Hospital pulmonary function laboratory from January 1995 to July 1995 prospectively. Results : 1) Average and standard deviation of age, height, weight of patients with airflow limitation was $58.3{\pm}7.24$(yr), $166{\pm}8.0$(cm), $59.0{\pm}9.9$(kg) and those of normal subjects was $56.3{\pm}12.47$(yr), $165.9{\pm}6.9$(cm), $64.4{\pm}10.4$(kg), respectively. The differences of physical characteristics of both group were not significant statistically and male to female ratio was 14:6 in both groups. 2) The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity was $395{\pm}317ml$ in patients group and $154{\pm}176ml$ in normal group and there was statistically significance between two groups(p<0.05). Sensitivity and specificity were most higher when the cut-off value was 208ml. 3) After bronchodilator inhalation, reversible airway obstructions were shown in 16 cases of patients group, 7 cases of control group(p<0.05) by spirometry or body plethysmography d the differences of slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity in bronchodilator response group and nonresponse group were $300.4{\pm}306ml$, $144.7{\pm}180ml$ and this difference was statistically significant. 4) The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity before bronchodilator inhalation was correlated with airway resistance before bronchodilator(r=0.307 p=0.05), and the difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity after bronchodilator was correlated with difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity(r=0.559 p=0.0002), thoracic gas volume(r=0.488 p=0.002) before bronchodilator and airway resistance(r=0.583 p=0.0001), thoracic gas volume(r=0.375 p=0.0170) after bronchodilator, respectively. 5) The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity in smokers and nonsmokers was $257.5{\pm}303ml$, $277.5{\pm}276ml$, respectively and this difference did not reach statistical significance(p>0.05). Conclusion : The difference between slow vital capacity and forced vital capacity by spirometry may be useful for the detection of collapsible airway and may help decision making of therapeutic plans.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.09a
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• pp.49-58
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• 2007

Inflammatory process leads to the well-known mucosal damage and therefore a further disturbance of the epithelial barrier function, resulting abnormal intestinal wall function, even further accelerating the inflammatory process[1]. Despite of the records, etiology and pathogenesis of IBD remain rather unclear. There are many studies over the past couple of years have led to great advanced in understanding the inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and their underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. From the current understanding, it is likely that chronic inflammation in IBD is due to aggressive cellular immune responses including increased serum concentrations of different cytokines. Therefore, targeted molecules can be specifically eliminated in their expression directly on the transcriptional level. Interesting therapeutic trials are expected against adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$. The future development of immune therapies in IBD therefore holds great promises for better treatment modalities of IBD but will also open important new insights into a further understanding of inflammation pathophysiology. Treatment of cytokine inhibitors such as Immunex(Enbrel) and J&J/Centocor(Remicade) which are mouse-derived monoclonal antibodies have been shown in several studies to modulate the symptoms of patients, however, theses TNF inhibitors also have an adverse effect immune-related problems and also are costly and must be administered by injection. Because of the eventual development of unwanted side effects, these two products are used in only a select patient population. The present study was performed to elucidate the ability of TNF-${\alpha}$ antibodies produced in sheep colostrums to neutralize TNF-${\alpha}$ action in a cell-based bioassay and in a small animal model of intestinal inflammation. In vitro study, inhibitory effect of anti-TNF-${\alpha}$ antibody from the sheep was determined by cell bioassay. The antibody from the sheep at 1 in 10,000 dilution was able to completely inhibit TNF-${\alpha}$ activity in the cell bioassay. The antibodies from the same sheep, but different milkings, exhibited some variability in inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ activity, but were all greater than the control sample. In vivo study, the degree of inflammation was severe to experiment, despite of the initial pilot trial, main trial 1 was unable to figure out of any effect of antibody to reduce the impact of PAF and LPS. Main rat trial 2 resulted no significant symptoms like characteristic acute diarrhea and weight loss of colitis. This study suggested that colostrums from sheep immunized against TNF-${\alpha}$ significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$ bioactivity in the cell based assay. And the higher than anticipated variability in the two animal models precluded assessment of the ability of antibody to prevent TNF-${\alpha}$ induced intestinal damage in the intact animal. Further study will require to find out an alternative animal model, which is more acceptable to test anti-TNF-${\alpha}$ IgA therapy for reducing the impact of inflammation on gut dysfunction. And subsequent pre-clinical and clinical testing also need generation of more antibody as current supplies are low.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 1990

The study was carried out to elucidate the effects of ovarian function on the thyroid gland, adrenal gland and uterus in female rats. One hundred and forty-four mature female rats were allotted into the three groups ; ovariectomized group, estradiol treated group and intact control group. The ovaries of 48 heads of rats were completely removed. Forty eight heads of rats were administered with $200{\mu}g$ of estradiol benzoate every 48 hours. Serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone levels were determined with radioimmunoassay method at 3, 6, 12, 24 hours and 5, 10, 15 days after treatment. The rats were necropsied to measure weights of thyroid gland, adrenal gland and uterus and to examine the histological changes in the organs. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. Serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels were rapidly decreased below 27.20pg/ml 18 hours after ovariectomy. In estradiol treated rats the levels were rapidly increased 18 hours after treatment, but thereafter slowly decreased. The significant differences in the estradiol level were found between the group at every observation time. 2. Serum progesterone levels were significantly decreased after ovariectomy and estradiol injection. The lowest level was found in the group of ovariectomized rats. 3. The weights of thyroid glands decreased in ovariectomized rats rather than in intact rats 5 days after treatment. The weights tended to increase after estradiol injection but significant differences between the groups were seen on 10th and 15th days. 4. In the histological findings of thyroid glands, follicular epithelial cells were changed to be squamous 5 days after ovariectomy and accompanied pyknosis 10 days and karyorrhexis 15 days after ovariectomy. On the contrary follicular epithelial cells were changed to be columnar with hypertrophy 10 days after estradiol injection. 5. The significant differences in adrenal gland weights were recognized between all the groups 5 and 15 days after treatment in ovariectomized rats were lighter than intact rats and the adrenal gland weights were rather heavier in estradiol treated rats. 6. The days after ovariectomy the adrenal glands were atrophied accompanying with pyknosis in the cortical cells of zona fasciculata. The cells in zona fasciculata and zona reticularis started to hypertrophy 5 days after estradiol injection, but no changes were found in the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex and in the adrenal medulla. 7. The significant differences in uterus weights were recognized between the groups at each observation time. After ovariectomy the uterus weights decreased rapidly but after estradiol injection they increased rapidly. 8. Through histological examination of uterus, the atrophy and degeneration started to occur in endometrium and lamina propria 12 hours after ovariectomy, and in myometrium one day after ovariectomy, and the changes progressed rapidly after that. On the contrary, the myometrium was proliferated and hypertrophied from 12 hours after estradiol-$17{\beta}$ injection.