• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.619-630
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• 2015

This study was conducted to propose the methodology of human risk assessment specialized to domestic mine areas and to quantify the human risk of heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) contamination around two abandoned metal mines. To attain the goals, we established a relevant exposure scenario, including 7 exposure pathways and extracted a variety of exposure factors reflecting the characteristics of inhabitants around abandoned metal mine areas. Finally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were compared between two areas, exposure pathways, heavy metal contaminants, and receptors. The total excess carcinogenic risks of two mine areas of concern were calculated to be larger than the acceptable carcinogenic risk ($1{\times}10^{-6}$), indicating those two areas are not safe for carcinogenic hazard. In addition, the hazard indices of two areas were computed to be higher than unit risk (1), suggesting that the areas of concern have non-carcinogenic risk. Ingestion of crop and intake of groundwater were evaluated to be main exposure pathways contributing to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks within the areas. Also, the results show that carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards were mostly attributed to As and As, Cd, and Pb, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.649-656
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• 2020

Objective : Unclear mental state is one of the major factors contributing to diagnostic failure of occult skeletal trauma in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the overlooked co-occurring skeletal trauma through whole body bone scan (WBBS) in TBI. Methods : A retrospective study of 547 TBI patients admitted between 2015 and 2017 was performed to investigate their cooccurring skeletal injuries detected by WBBS. The patients were divided into three groups based on the timing of suspecting skeletal trauma confirmed : 1) before WBBS (pre-WBBS); 2) after the routine WBBS (post-WBBS) with good mental state and no initial musculoskeletal complaints; and 3) after the routine WBBS with poor mental state (poor MS). The skeletal trauma detected by WBBS was classified into six skeletal categories : spine, upper and lower extremities, pelvis, chest wall, and clavicles. The skeletal injuries identified by WBBS were confirmed to be simple contusion or fractures by other imaging modalities such as X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scans. Of the six categorizations of skeletal trauma detected as hot uptake lesions in WBBS, the lesions of spine, upper and lower extremities were further statistically analyzed to calculate the incidence rates of actual fractures (AF) and actual surgery (AS) cases over the total number of hot uptake lesions in WBBS. Results : Of 547 patients with TBI, 112 patients (20.4 %) were presented with TBI alone. Four hundred and thirty-five patients with TBI had co-occurring skeletal injuries confirmed by WBBS. The incidences were as follows : chest wall (27.4%), spine (22.9%), lower extremities (20.2%), upper extremities (13.5%), pelvis (9.4%), and clavicles (6.3%). It is notable that relatively larger number of positive hot uptakes were observed in the groups of post-WBBS and poor MS. The percentage of post-WBBS group over the total hot uptake lesions in upper and lower extremities, and spines were 51.0%, 43.8%, and 41.7%, respectively, while their percentages of AS were 2.73%, 1.1%, and 0%, respectively. The percentages of poor MS group in the upper and lower extremities, and spines were 10.4%, 17.4%, and 7.8%, respectively, while their percentages of AS were 26.7%, 14.2%, and 11.1%, respectively. There was a statistical difference in the percentage of AS between the groups of post-WBBS and poor MS (p=0.000). Conclusion : WBBS is a potential diagnostic tool in understanding the skeletal conditions of patients with head injuries which may be undetected during the initial assessment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.656-665
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• 2016

Objectives: This study examined the characteristics and related factors by comparing the lifestyles and health behaviors between Korean Seventh-day Adventists and the general population of Korea. Methods: A survey was conducted of 878 people more than 20-years-old Korean Seventh-day Adventists who live in the metropolitan area and 3,000 people more than 20-years-old who live in the metropolitan area in 4th (2nd year) National Health and Nutrition Survey. A comparison of health behaviors related to health screenings, smoking, drinking, physical activity, subjective stress, weight management, and oral health was analyzed using a chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the contributing factor to the health behavior. Results: Health screening rates among Korean Seventh-day Adventists were higher than the general population (p<0.001), but Korean Seventh-day Adventists showed lower rates of health screening in the 20-30 ages. Lifetime smoking experience rates and current smoking rates were significantly lower in the Korean Seventh-day Adventists than in the general population (p<0.001). The success rate of smoking cessation among ex-smokers of Korean Seventh-day Adventists were very high. In terms of the drinking rate, Korean Seventh-day Adventists were significantly lower than the general population (p<0.001). The drinking rate of men was higher than women (p<0.001). Moderate physical activity of men were higher than women in Korean Seventh-day Adventists (p<0.001). Conclusion: The lifestyles and health behaviors of Korean Seventh-day Adventists, such as tobacco smoking and alcoholic drinking, were eminently healthier than the general population. Nevertheless, further well-organized studies will be needed.

• Strategy21
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• s.45
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• pp.116-147
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• 2019

Despite the fact that South Korea, one of peninsula countries, has been already a middle power in an international arena, it still tends to get stuck in continental-driven inertia and be reluctant to become a consolidated maritime power. In its efforts to deal with the parable of South Korea, designing a tailored-made strategy needs to be initiated in detail. Its design is centered around two variables: classification of waters and prestige. First of all, the domain of waters confronted to South Korea ranges from the greatest threat to scattered national interest. Second, South Korea is prestigiously regarded as the middle power which is equipped with the capability to see beyond its sovereign waters. The Maritime Access Strategy(MAS) can be more clearly explained by three-axis factors: ends, ways, and means. Ends need to be oriented to achieving three types of classified objectives-Deterrence, Engagement around the world to maximize remotely-scattered interest and Check of neighboring countries' seapower expansion, called DEC. Ways is mainly driven by the closer access to three different types of waters: waters of security, check, and interest. The active access and closer approach to the domain of waters need to be maintained with a high degree of willingness and capability. Means is attainable by guiding naval forces to be armed with multiple platforms and functionally-balanced assets. These platforms and assets will allow the naval forces to attain and maintain cost effective means, leading to making MAS feasible. This strategy allows the middle-power Korea to make the best of its maritime assets at various seas, contributing to international stability as well as national security and interest.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.386-394
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• 2016

This study investigates the validity of a Korean version of the Client Assessment Summary (CAS), which is a tool used to assess the recovery of alcoholics. We investigated the Korean CAS's suitability for use in assessing the scale of recovery scale of general alcoholics in Korea. In this study, we analyzed the data of 205 abstaining alcoholics in order to determine the validity of the Korean CAS. We undertook relationship analyses of CAS contents, reliability, and composition validity through factor analysis. In addition, we assessed ARS, abstinence period, abstinence self-efficacy, illness insight, and motivation change variables. The factor analysis results, performed after verification of content suitability by assessing 12 questions and 4 factors, confirmed the tool's composition validity, with the results showing relatively high values (R2 = 76.26%, communality ${\geq}0.6$, and KMO = 0.92). Moreover, internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), and the correlations among ARS, abstinence self-efficacy, illness insight, and motivation change variables confirmed the validity of the Korean CAS. The proposed Korean CAS is expected to be useful when academically and clinically assessing the recovery of alcoholics; thereby, eventually contributing to successful recoveries from alcoholism.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-59
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• 1994

Many studies to cope with the present problems of Korean coastal and offshore fisheries has been performed, but these were done partly in necessities and general studies for Korean inshore and offshore fisheries are in early stage. Most of these studies adopted analytical way of approach for each fishery individually and they could not reflect the effect of correlated interaction among fisheries on the several common species/stocks, and thus optimal effort allocation was impossible. To consider general fisheries and optimal effort allocation among competing mixed species, a linear programming (LP) approach is applied in this study and introduced into 16 important inshore and offshore fisheries with 13 constraining species which were chosen by annual yield order. This study is not based on the biological interaction among species (i.e., prey - predator system) but the technological interaction between species and fishing efforts. For the application of LP model in these fisheries, the standardization of fishing efforts through different fishing gears could not be successful and a new way of effort standardization through CPUE for vessel tonnage was originated. Total standardized fishing effort on a particular species i, Ei, is computed as the linear summation of standardized fishing effort generated by each fishery j. That is, (equation omitted) where $f_{j}$ is the total vessel tonnage of fishery j and aij is the coefficients contributing to the standardized fishing effort per ton for species i taken in fishery j. The total fishing effort level on species i due to both directed fishing and by - catch can thus be accounted in the aij's. Optimal effort allocation among the j fisheries may be considered a minimizing problem (minimize $\Sigma$ $f_{j}$), subject to the constraints that standardized fishing effort levels on particular species are maintained at, above, and below certain predefined levels. Fishing effort goals for individual species can be based on various biological and/or economic criteria, i.e., fishing effort level generating maximum sustainable yield and/or maximum economic yield. But in this study the $F_{0.1}$ criteria which was accepted as an approximate level for $F_{mey}$ by Outland and Boerema's (1973) study. The findings of this study are, (1) LP model can be applied to the Korean inshore and offshore fisheries giobally. (2) Through a new way of combining multiple different fisheries' efforts for a particular species together generating standardized fishing effort, Schaefer curve could be applied to the complex system successfully. (3) The results of this study for total reduction scale were mostly the same as those of prior studies, but different much from the individual scales of reduction. This study showed the necessities for exploitation of more concrete parameters to put into consideration of profitability of fisheries and social factors, and this model can be modified according to the actual constraints. Also, considering the age structure of stocks, this model can be developed into better one for better fisheries management.ent.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1998

The present study compared the self report and parental report on the behavior problems of adolescents as a way to explore similarities and differences in the ways that adolescents and their parents conceptualize behavior problems of adolescents. Specifically, K-CBCL and YSR data from 3271 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 were subjected to factor analyses. Five factors；Depression/Anxiety/Withdrawal, Aggressiveness, Somatic Symptom, Disruptiveness, Attention Getting were obtained from the YSR data with the first factor, Depression/Anxiety/Withdrawal explaining 14.23% of the total variance. K-CBCL data yielded somewhat different factor structure with Aggression/Delinquency as the first factor explaining 14.08% of the total variance, followed by Somatic Symptoms, Social Withdrawal, Disruptiveness, and Depression/Anxiety. Total K-CBCL and YSR score showed a moderate correlation(r=.51), and correlation between pairs of comparable K-CBCL and YSR factor scores were also moderate. Regression analyses of the variables contributing to the total problem score of the K-CBCL and YSR suggested that social competence and academic achievement are two important sources of influence on the evaluation of behavior problems both in self-report and parental report. However, externalizing problems such as aggressiveness/delinquency appeared to be more salient for parents, while adolescents themselves appeared to be more concerned with internalizing problems such as depression/anxiety. Implications of these subtle differences for assessment of adolescent behavior problems were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2010

Green Growth was declared as a national development agenda in 2008. There are many contributing concepts and factors in the process of molding the agenda, such as climate change, sustainable development, globalization, the so-called 747 campaign pledges by President Lee in 2007, and the hunger for economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. Green Growth is rather growth-oriented and pays less attention to environmental conservation and social justice. Green Development would fit better as the name of the agenda, dealing with the weaknesses of Green Growth. Climate change itself is a testing ground for geographic knowledges, whose demand is growing rapidly. The contemporary issue increasingly bears complexity that Earth System Science and Sustainability Science have emerged as a research and applications program. Geography is widely recognized as a portal to these programs, where inter- and trans-disciplinary studies are required. Regional potentials should be evaluated from a holistic view so that proper development goals are chosen. Different development trajectory should be taken, depending on the amount of potential a region bears. Material loop should be closed for environmentally sound regions. Green way of life is essential for low carbon society. In the circumstances of climate change in Korean Peninsula and needing of energy efficiency, geographic insight or imagination is urgent for Green Development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1734-1739
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of diet on the nutritional status and constipation rate of female college students. A total of 251 female college students living in Gyeonggi province participated in this study. Dietary intake was ascertained from a 3-day dietary record, including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day. Anthropometrics, general characteristics, diet experiences, dietary habits and prevalence of constipation were analyzed using a questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups, a control group (n=165, 46.2%) and a diet group (n=135, 53.8%). There was no significant difference in age, height, weight or BMI between groups. The prevalence of constipation was higher in the diet group than the control group. The intakes of energy, dietary fiber and water of the diet group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Correlation analysis revealed that the prevalence of constipation was negatively associated with exercise score, dietary fiber intake and water intake. It is postulated that dietary habits might be important factors contributing to constipation. Accordingly, nutrition education aimed to improve intakes of fiber and water may be necessary during weight control periods.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the identity of home economics(HE) education by assessing perceptions of HE teacher, students, and general adults regarding the images and characteristics of HE education. Respondents in this study were 234 HE teachers, 505 students, and 264 general adults. Questionnaires were collected through both online and offline. The image and the characteristics of HE education were the factors of the identity that were also the byproducts of HE education operation of the past and present, and had the characteristics in changing in accordance with the change of time. The current image of HE education was shown to positive recognition as the curriculum helpful to the actual living and future living for the HE teacher, students, and the general adults. For the HE teacher, it had strong emotionally warm image similar to the image of 'home', and it was connected to the curriculum image to be acknowledged as good problem solving teachers in terms of competence and conservative image. However, on the images of the HE curriculum and HE teacher, the HE teachers had the most positive recognition, and on the image of the HE curriculum, the students had the most negative recognition while the image of the HE teacher, the general adults had the most negative recognition. The general adults among the three groups recognized the HE curriculum as the most technical oriented curriculum while the students recognized as interesting curriculum, curriculum contributing on society. In the meantime, for the characteristic of the HE education, the HE teachers recognized that it had weak female curriculum characteristics and strong living functional curriculum characteristics, and the practical curriculum characteristics would be important in the future. Accordingly, the identity of the HE education formulated might be considered as the practical curriculum that was helpful to problem solving in actual living of the family and family members with the connection to the concept of 'home'. However, depending on the definition on implication of practice and issue of actual living, the characteristics and appearance of the HE education had been changed and might interpret as changing according to the above.for the fertility policy and the methods for the estimation of the child cost were suggested based on the results.