• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a Maternal-Fetal Interaction Belief Scale (MFIBS). Method: The research design was a methodological study. The items generated for this scale were drawn from a comprehensive literature review. Content validity was established for the MFIBS. The 26-item scale was developed to measure the construct of the MFIBS during pregnancy and tested on 186 pregnant women. Results: The final tool consist of 20 items which were sorted into 6 factors by factor analysis. The factors were identified as 'influence of pregnancy (5 items)', 'ability of fetus (3 items)', 'maternal-fetal interaction behavior (3 items)', 'practice of taegyo (3 items)', 'ability of infant (3 items)', and 'taemong (3 items)'. The six factors explained 62.37% of the total variance in the MFIBS. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .81 and the reliability of the subscales ranged from .60-.85 Guttman split-half coefficient was .66. Conclusions: This scale proves to be a effective, useful tool and suitable in Korean women for measuring the Maternal-Fetal Interaction Belief. Future studies are required for further refinement of the scale.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore recognition of mother-child interaction by preschoolers' mothers. Methods: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with mothers of 12 preschoolers. The data were analyzed following Downe-Wamboldt's content analysis methodology. Results: From the data, 170 significant statements were selected and were classified into 7 categories and three domains (maternal, child, dyadic). First, the maternal domain consisted of maternal sensitivity, acceptable responsiveness, and child developmental encouragement. Second, the child domain consisted of child's sensitivity, responsiveness, and initiative. Third, the dyadic domain consisted of mutuality. Conclusion: These results suggest that preschoolers' mothers recognize the significant qualitative aspects of interaction with their children. Based on these results, instruments for preschooler-mother interaction need to be developed.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2017

본 연구는 대학 이러닝에서 학습자-교수자, 학습자-콘텐츠, 학습자-시스템간의 상호작용이 학습자들이 인지하는 수업만족도 및 학업성취도와 어떤 관련을 갖는지 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 경기도 소재 대규모 대학의 이러닝 강좌 중 학습자-교수자 상호작용이 있었던 수업과 없었던 수업에 참여한 학생 184명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 학습자-교수자와의 상호작용이 있었던 수업에서 학습자-콘텐츠, 학습자-시스템간의 상호작용도 많이 있었고, 상호작용과 수업만족도, 학업성취도 요인간의 상관관계 분석에서는 모두 유의한 관계가 있었다. 수업만족도와 학업성취도 모두 학습자-콘텐츠 상호작용의 영향력이 가장 컸으며, 수업만족도에는 시스템과의 상호작용이, 학업성취도에는 교수자와의 상호작용이 그 다음으로 영향력을 미쳤다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 첫째, 학습자들은 이러닝에서 학습을 혼자 콘텐츠를 이해하는 것으로 인식하고 있기 때문에 질 좋은 교육콘텐츠의 개발지원 및 수업에서의 제공방식에 대한 논의가 필요하며, 둘째, 학습자-교수자 상호작용의 활성화를 위해 교수자 대상의 워크숍 및 교육지원이 필요하다는 것과 셋째, 본 연구에서는 발견되지 않은 학습자간 상호작용도 수업만족도 및 학업성취도에 매우 중요한 상호작용 유형으로, 이를 활성화시킬 수 있는 방안에 대한 논의도 필요함을 제안하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2002

In order to evaluate the effect of poloxamer 407 content on the dissolution profiles of pellets, diltiazem HCl (DTL) core pellets were prepared with poloxamer 407 (50-90% w/w, with lactose as filler) using an extruder and a spheronizer. Any possible interaction between the drug and excipients was evaluated using DSC, IR and TLC. Dissolution tests were performed using USP basket method. In addition, scanning electron micrograph was performed to examine the surface roughness and cross sections. The release of DTL from the core pellets was decreased with increasing poloxamer 407 content. Cracks appeared on the surface of the core pellets with increasing the poloxamer 407 content, which may play a role on the retardation of the release of DTL from core pellets. There was no any significant interaction between the drug and excipients employed to prepare the core pellets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of the forage plants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 266 samples (61 grasses and 65 legumes grown in the dry season, 60 grasses and 80 legumes grown in the rainy season) were collected from the highland and the lowland in 1998 to 2000, and were subjected to the determination of mineral composition. The mean contents of Ca, Mg, P, Na and K in grasses were 0.6, 0.3, 0.5, 0.1 and 2.3%, respectively, and in legumes were 1.8, 0.5, 0.8, 0.1 and 1.7%, respectively. The least-squares analysis of variance demonstrated as follows; For the grasses, Ca content was significantly affected by the year${\times}$season, year${\times}$altitude, and the season${\times}$altitude interactions. Mg content was significantly affected by year and season and P content was significantly affected by altitude, year and by the year${\times}$altitude interaction. For the legumes, Ca content was significantly affected by altitude and the year${\times}$season, season${\times}$altitude and the year${\times}$altitude interactions and Mg content was significantly affected by season or altitude and by the year${\times}$season interaction. These results indicate that Ca content of forage plants grown at the lowland in rainy season was higher than at the highland in dry season. Mg content of forage plants grown at the lowland in dry season was higher than at the highland in rainy season and P content of forage plants grown in the highland was higher than in the lowland.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2021

The year 2020 was a time when the coronavirus infections-19 (COVID-19) caused various changes in society. In particular, the fields that have been conducted face-to-face have been greatly confused by the transition to an online non-face-to-face method, and this is the case with the field of education. There are two main advantages of offline education. The first is that we can improve our understanding through communication with teachers, and the second is that we can develop social skills through interaction with friends. But as online classes progressed due to corona 19, interaction could not be achieved. As a result, the motivation for learning has been reduced due to difficulties in real-time feedback, and the participation rate has been significantly lowered, especially in lower grades, raising concerns about the learning gap that will occur after corona 19. However, there are some cases in which online classes were conducted as effectively as offline classes by utilizing various contents. What they have in common is the use of content. Teachers generally improved the quality of education by linking interesting sights and videos that enhance learning comprehension. The provided video conveys learning-related content into stories, enabling intuitive observation. Many students were already enjoying these videos through VOD (Video on Demand) such as TV and YouTube, they were able to connect their easy access to content and interest in learning. Appropriate use of video content has rather increased the learning effect and should continue after corona 19. Therefore, it is necessary to study methodologies that apply video content efficiently to education. This study looked at the steps that needed content application through the development of education programs, and observed its meaning. Students were curious about the content, motivated to learn and participated in learning on their own. Intuitive learning, conducted through appreciation, play and content production, provided an opportunity to learn on their own in everyday life.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.769-774
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• 2006

Fractions of herd-year-season, sire by herd interaction, additive genetic and dominance genetic variances were estimated for milk production traits in Holsteins of Japan using Method R. Inbreeding depressions for milk production traits were also estimated. Estimated fractions of herd-year-season variances ranged from 0.056 to 0.074 for yield traits and from 0.033 to 0.035 for content traits. Estimated fractions of additive genetic variances to phenotypic variances (heritabilities across a herd in the narrow sense) were 0.306, 0.287, 0.273, 0.255, 0.723, 0.697 and 0.663 for milk, fat, SNF and protein yields, and fat, SNF and protein contents, respectively. Estimated fractions of dominance genetic variances ranged from 0.019 to 0.022 for yield traits and from 0.014 to 0.018 for content traits. Fractions of variances for sire by herd interaction were estimated to range from 0.020 to 0.025 for yield traits and 0.011 to 0.012 for content traits. Estimates of inbreeding depression for milk, fat, SNF and protein yields were -36.16 kg, -1.42 kg, -3.24 kg and -1.15 kg per 1% inbreeding for milk, fat, SNF and protein yields, respectively. Estimates of depression per 1% inbreeding for content traits were positive at $0.39{\times}10^{-3}%$, $0.31{\times}10^{-3}%$ and $0.82{\times}10^{-3}%$ for fat, SNF and protein contents, respectively.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.74-85
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• 2015

타악기가 주는 긍정적인 효과가 우울증을 겪는 노인에게 자아 존중감의 증가 및 우울증의 감소를 유도할 수 있다는 사실을 바탕으로 음악 요법을 로봇에 접목하여 노인들이 음악을 직접 연주할 수 있게 하는 타악기 로봇의 콘텐츠가 개발되었다. 노인의 우울증 완화를 위한 음악치료 로봇의 콘텐츠로써, 노인과 로봇의 상호작용 요소가 도출되었다. 회상을 자극할 수 있는 노래가 선정되었고 노래의 연주에 따른 타악기의 타격에 대한 점수체계가 개발되었다. 또한 상호작용 요소 중 노인들의 감성적 자극요인이 될 수 있는 로봇 표정 요소가 디자인되었다. 표정은 무표정, 기쁨, 아주기쁨으로 구분되며 타악기의 연주 참여도에 따라 실시간으로 변화하여 적극적 참여를 유도하게 된다. 노인이 로봇에서 나오는 음악을 따라 연주하고 참여도의 정도에 따라 노인과 로봇이 상호작용할 수 있다면 단순한 음악 게임기가 아닌 우울증을 완화시킬 수 있는 로봇으로서의 효과가 극대화 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2018

A series of simulated reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) tests on irradiated fully recrystallized boiling water reactor Zircaloy-2 cladding has been performed by means of the expansion-due-to-compression (EDC) test method. The EDC method reproduces fuel pellet-clad mechanical interaction (PCMI) conditions for the cladding during RIA transients with respect to temperature and loading rates by out-of-pile mechanical testing. The tested materials had a large variation in burnup and hydrogen content (up to 907 wppm). The results of the EDC tests showed variation in the PCMI resistance of claddings with similar burnup and hydrogen content, making it difficult to clearly identify ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures. The EDC-tested samples of the present and previous work were investigated by light optical and scanning electron microscopy to study the influence of factors such as azimuthal variation of the Zr-hydrides and the presence of hydride rims and radially oriented hydrides. Two main characteristics were identified in samples with low ductility with respect to hydrogen content and test temperature: hydride rims and radial hydrides at the cladding outer surface. Crack propagation and failure modes were also studied, showing two general modes of crack propagation depending on distribution and amount of radially oriented hydrides. It was concluded that the PCMI resistance of irradiated cladding under normal conditions with homogenously distributed circumferential hydrides is high, with good margin to the RIA failure limits. To further improve safety, focus should be on conditions causing nonfavorable hydride distribution, such as hydride reorientation and formation of hydride blisters at the cladding outer surface.

• 아동학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.95-113
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• 2015

This study aimed to develop and validate a scale which could be used to evaluate mathematical interactions of parents with their young children. The subjects comprised 408 mothers of 4-6-year-old children. Means, standard deviation, $x^2$, Cramer's V, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlations, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ were calculated. First, 49 items were developed through a review of relevant research, parent interviews, confirmation of item adequacy and content validity. These items were then edited down to a final list of 24 items representing 4 factors identified by exploratory factor analysis. Second, this 24-item. 4-factor scale was shown to have adequate construct validity, norm validity, and reliability by confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. In conclusion, the final mathematical interaction scale for young children's parents was composed of 24 items with 4 factors: "interaction regarding numbers and operations, measurements, and patterns", "interaction regarding data collection and result presentation", "interaction with picture books", and "interaction regarding shapes and figures"