• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Recently, ex-situ remediation technologies has been emerging to clean up contaminated soils mainly because the in-situ techniques have limited applicability and technical difficulties in relatively small contaminated sites. Accordingly, implementation of off-site treatment and disposal have been continuously increased in soil remediation and restoration projects in Korea. However, in many cases, reclaimed soil is still not properly recycled or reused. Therefore, there is an urgent need to document the current status of soil management practices in soil remediation projects in the nation. This study presents a survey of soil contamination status and remedial approaches in Korea based on soil cleanup projects completed in 2015 - 2019, and proposes the possible options of the recycling or reusing the reclaimed soils under compliance with related regulations. The results of the soil survey showed soil contamination was most severe in gas stations, industrial facilities, and military areas. The major types of pollution were related to the petroleum-contaminated site (TPH and BTEX) with 77.0% occurrence in all the contaminated sites. The reclaimed soils were mostly reused as a ground filling-up soils in industrial facilities (60.0%) and warehouses (37.0%).

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2005년도 Proceedings of The 6th korea-china joint workshop on nuclear waste management
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• pp.290-299
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• 2005

Two decommissioning projects are carried out at the KAERI (Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute), one for the Korea research reactors, KRR-1 and KRR-2, and another for the uranium conversion plant (UCP). The concept of the management of the wastes from the decommissioning sites was reviewed with a relation of the decommissioning strategies, technologies for the treatment and the decontamination, and the characteristics of waste. All the liquid waste generated from KRR-1 and KRR-2 decommissioning site is evaporated by a solar evaporation facility and all the liquid waste from the UCP is treated together with lagoon sludge waste. The solid wastes from the decommissioning sites are categorized into three groups; not contaminated, restricted releasable and radioactive waste. The not-contaminated waste will be reused and/or disposed at an industrial disposal site, and the releasable waste is stored for the future disposal at the KAERI. The radioactive waste is packed in containers, and will be stored at the decommissioning sites till they are sent to a national repository site. The reduction of the radioactive solid waste is one of the strategies for the decommissioning projects and could be achieved by the repeated decontamination. By the achievement of the minimization strategy, the amount of radioactive waste was reduced and the disposal cost will be reduced, but the cost for manpower, for direct materials and for administration was increased.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권spc호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

The conceptual site model (CSM) is used as a key tool to support decision making in risk based management of contaminated sites. In this work, CSM was applied in Jeonju Industrial Complex where site investigation for groundwater contamination was conducted. Site background information including facility types, physical conditions, contaminants spill history, receptor exposure, and ecological information were collected and cross-checked with tabulated checklist necessary for CSM application. The CSM for contaminants migration utilized DNAPL transport model and narrative CSMs were constructed for source to receptor pathway, ecological exposure route, and contaminants fate and transport in the form of a diagram or flowchart. The component and uncertainty of preliminary CSM were reviewed using the data gap analysis while taking into account the purpose of the survey and the site management stage at the time of the survey. Through this approach, the potential utility of CSM was demonstrated in the site management process, such as assessing site conditions and planning follow-up survey work.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.176-193
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• 2007

The ability to measure groundwater contaminant flux is increasingly being recognized as crucial in order to prioritize contaminated site cleanups, estimate the efficiency of remediation technologies, measure rates of natural attenuation, and apply proper source terms to model groundwater contaminant transport. Recently, a number of methods have been developed and subsequently applied to measure contaminant mass flux in groundwater in the field. Flux measurement methods can be categorized as either point methods or integral methods. As the name suggests, point methods measure flux at a specific point or points in the subsurface. To increase confidence in the accuracy of the measurement, it is necessary to increase the number of points (and therefore, the cost) of the sampling network. Integral methods avoid this disadvantage by using pumping wells to interrogate large volumes of the subsurface. Unfortunately, integral methods are expensive because they require that large volumes of contaminated water be extracted and managed. Recent work has investigated the development of an integral method that does not require extraction of contaminated water from the subsurface. We begin with a review of the significance and importance of measuring groundwater contaminant mass flux. We then review groundwater contaminant flux measurement methods that are either currently in use or under development. Finally, we conclude with a qualitative comparison of the various flux measurement methods.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.60-70
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• 2011

본고에서는 현재 시행중인 해양오염퇴적물질 관리용 유해화학물질 정화지수($CI_{HC}$)를 대상으로, $CI_{HC}$은 동일하나 유해 물질별 함량이 다른 해저퇴적물들이 같은 생물위험을 보이는가를 판단하려 하였다. 이를 위해 5개의 가상 오염퇴적물을 설정하고, 퇴적물 위험평가를 위한 트로픽트레이스 모형($TrophicTrace^{(R)}$ model)을 이용하여, 이 가상 퇴적물이 쥐노래미(Hexagrammos otakii)에 대해 미치는 생물위험을 최대무작용량에 기반한 독성지수(NOAEL TQ)와 최소작용량에 기반한 독성지수(LOAEL TQ)로 평가하였다. 쥐노래미에 대한 NOAEL TQ의 합계는 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 0.69~1.54의 범위였고, LOAEL TQ의 합계는 0.111~0.261로 약 2배 이상의 차이가 났다. 이는 퇴적물 유해물질 환경기준이 해양저서무척추동물군집에 대한 영향만을 고려하고 사람으로 연결되는 식용의 쥐노래미에 대한 영향을 반영하지 않기 때문으로 사료된다. 인체에 대한 비발암위험지수(HI) 값은 PCB의 경우 9.8~47.1로 매우 위험한 것으로 나타났다. PCB의 발암위험도는 5개 퇴적물에서 $39{\sim}190{\times}10^{-5}$으로 높게 나타났으며 As의 경우에도 $8.1{\sim}18.0{\times}10^{-5}$으로 높게 나타났다. 유해화학물질정화지수가 8로 동일한 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 비발암위험지수(HI) 및 발암위험도가 서로 매우 다르게 나타난 것은 각 오염물질별로 인체에 악영향을 미치는 정도가 다르기 때문이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.325-338
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• 1993

This study was conducted to evaluate the methods used in nursing procedures for infection control. Skilled nursing procedures are related to prevention of hospital infection. The sample consisted of 301 nurses’ response to the questionnaire. Data were collected from Feb. to March, 1993 from 35 hospitals located in five major cities. The findings of the study are as follows : 1) Rotatively unsafe nursing procedures were reported for preperation of IV therapy, change of IV site and aseptic dressing on IV site, hand wash-ing and use of paper towels, use of sterile urine bottle with indwelling urinary catheter, management of dressing cart, disinfection of transfer forcep, ambu respirator, laryngoscope, humidifier and handling of incubator. 2) Relatively safe nursing procedures were reported for management of suction tube, marking for contaminated materials and waste collection. The rate of participation in education programs for infection control by the nurses was higher than in other research results. 3) Further study on procedures for IV site in-fusion and care of dressing cart are recommended.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권2_spc호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

Monitoring and assessing terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs) are one of the most important steps to remediate contaminated sites via various in-situ techniques. TEAPs are a part of the microbial respiration reactions. Microorganisms gain energy from these reactions and reduces pollutants. Monitoring TEAPs enables us to predict degradability of contaminants and degradation rates. In many countries, TEAPs have been used for characterization of field sites and management of groundwater wells. For instance, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provided strategies for groundwater quality and well management by applying TEAPs monitoring. Denmark has also constructed TEAPs map of local unit area to develop effective groundwater managing system, particularly to predict and assess nitrogen contamination. In case of Korea, although detailed soil survey and groundwater contamination assessment have been employed, site investigation guidelines using TEAPs have not been established yet. To better define TEAPs in subsurface environments, multiple indicators including ion concentrations, isotope compositions and contaminant degradation byproducts must be assessed. Furthermore, dissolved hydrogen concentrations are regarded as significant evidence of TEAPs occurring in subsurface environment. This review study introduces optimal sampling techniques of groundwater and dissolved hydrogen, and further discuss how to assess TEAPs in contaminated subsurface environments according to several contamination scenarios.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to highlight the National Classification System related to cleanup the soil contaminated sites and to provide some guidance to address the priority management rank system before the remediation for Busan metropolitan city. Based on the previous soil investigation data, the quantitative classification of vulnerable areas for soil pollution was performed to successfully manage the contaminated sites in Busan. Ten evaluation factors indicating the high soil pollution possibility were used for the priority management ranking system and 10 point was assigned for each factor which was evenly divided by 10 class intervals. For 16 Gu/Guns in Busan, the score of each evaluation factor was assigned according to the ratio of the area (or the number) between in each Gu (or Gun) and in Busan. Ten scores for each Gu (or Gun) was summed up to prioritize the vulnerable Gu or Guns for soil pollution in Busan. Results will be available to determine the most urgent area to cleanup in each Gu (or Gun) and also to assist the municipal government to design a successful and cost-effective site management strategy in Busan.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of four commercial chemical agents in stabilizing arsenic (As) in soil at the forest area near the former Janghang smelter site. After amending the stabilizing agents (A, B, C, and D) into As-contaminated soil samples, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and solubility bioavailability research consortium (SBRC)-extractable As concentrations significantly decreased except for agent D, which is mainly composed of fly ash and calcium carbonate. Increase of SPLP and SBRC-extractable As concentrations in four soil samples (S1, S2, S3, and J2) was attributed to desorption of As adsorbed on iron oxides due to high pH generated by agent D. It is therefore necessary to consider application conditions according to soil characteristics such as pH and buffering capacity. Results of sequential extraction showed that readily extractable fractions of As in soil (i.e., sum of $SO_4-$ and $PO_4-extractable$ As in soil) were converted into non-readily extractable fractions by amending agents A, B, and C. Such changes in the As distribution in soil resulted in the decrease of SPLP and SBRC-extractable As concentration. A series of follow-up monitoring and management plan has been suggested to assess the longevity of the stabilization treatments in the site.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2009

대규모 유류오염 정화부지에 대해 수분 및 영양분 공급장치, 송풍장치, 바닥 차수 및 집수 장치등의 공학적 토양경작 시설을 적용하여 복원효율을 평가하였다. 복원초기 미생물의 생분해활성도 증가를 위해 영양제인 질소(N), 인(P) 등 주요영향인자들을 부지 환경에 맞도록 보정하여 주기적인 틸링 작업을 수행한 결과, 오염토양의 농도가 가장 높은 1,893 mg/kg일 때의 정화효율이 82%로 토양오염우려 "가" 지역 기준 500 mg/kg 이하인 348 mg/kg으로 감소하였다. 가장 원활하게 활동할 수 있는 온도 범위는 $28.9{\sim}35.6^{\circ}C$로 측정되었다. 또한 초기 농도가 서로 다른 오염토양의 TPH 농도가 법적기준 농도인 500 mg/kg 이하를 만족하는 38일 경과 후의 미생물 균수, 수분함량, 오염토양의 농도가 큰 변화 없이 일정하게 감소하였다.