• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.428-436
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the use of sugar alcohols (sorbitol, erythritol, and xylitol) as alternative sweeteners for replacing sucrose in Yukwa (traditional Korean oil-puffed rice snack). The moisture contents of Bandegi (dried Yukwa dough) and Yukwa containing sugar alcohols were higher than that of control (containing only sucrose). The microstructures of control and Bandegi containing sugar alcohols showed uniformly and finely distributed air holes. Expansion ratio and oil absorption of Yukwa containing sorbitol and 30% erythritol were higher than those of control. Appearance and cross section of control and Yukwa containing sorbitol, 30% erythritol, and 30% xylitol showed a good shape. The lightness (L) of control was significantly lower than Yukwa containing sugar alcohols, whereas redness (a) and yellowness (b) were higher than those in Yukwa containing sugar alcohols. Hardness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was significantly lower than that of control, and that of Yukwa containing sorbitol was the lowest. Peak number of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was significantly lower than that of control, and that of Yukwa containing 60% erythritol and 60% xylitol was the lowest among all samples. In the sensory evaluation, color of control was deepest, whereas that of Yukwa containing 60% xylitol was lightest. Volume and air hole uniformity of Yukwa containing 60% erythritol and 60% xylitol were inferior than those of other samples. Sweetness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was lower than that of control, whereas oily flavor was stronger. Hardness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was lower than that of control, and Yukwa containing xylitol showed the lowest hardness among the samples. Crispness of Yukwa containing sugar alcohols was lower than that of control. There were no significant differences in overall acceptability between control and Yukwa containing 30% sorbitol and 30% erythritol. Overall, sorbitol and erythritol were appropriate as a 30% replacement for sucrose when preparing Yukwa.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.615-624
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the use of sugar alcohols as alternative sweeteners for replacing sucrose in sponge cake. The sponge cakes were prepared with only sucrose or a 50% replacement of sucrose with various sugar alcohols (erythritol, sorbitol, and xylitol). The specific gravity of cake batter containing only sucrose was significantly higher and the viscosity was significantly lower than those containing sugar alcohol (p<0.001). Among sugar alcohols, xylitol was the most similar to sucrose. The thermal characteristics, as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, showed that sucrose delayed gelatinization of cake batter more than sugar alcohol, as the onset temperature and the peak temperature of cake batter containing only sucrose were higher than those containing sugar alcohol. The moisture content of cake containing sorbitol was the highest and that containing only sucrose was the lowest among cakes. The specific volume of cakes containing only sucrose and xylitol were higher and the baking loss rate of those were lower than other sugar alcohols. The volume and symmetry index of cake containing only sucrose were the highest among cakes (p<0.001), and xylitol was similar to sucrose for the above indices. The redness (a) and yellowness (b) values of crust containing only sucrose were significantly higher than those containing sugar alcohols (p<0.001). The a and b values of crumb containing erythritol were the lowest among cakes, showing a pale yellowish color. The microstructure, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy, showed that the cake containing only sucrose had more uniformly and finely distributed pores and a smoother cross section than that containing sugar alcohols. Cake containing xylitol was similar to cake containing only sucrose. Hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of cake containing only sucrose were higher than those containing sugar alcohols, whereas the adhesiveness of cakes containing sugar alcohols were higher than those containing only sucrose (p<0.01). Among sugar alcohols, xylitol was the most similar to sucrose in textural properties. In a sensory quality test, the tenderness and moistness of cakes containing sorbitol and erythritol were higher than those containing only sucrose and xylitol. The overall acceptance of cakes containing xylitol and only sucrose were higher than those containing sorbitol and erythritol (p<0.001). Thus, xylitol is more appropriate as a 50% replacement for sucrose than erythritol and sorbitol when preparing sponge cake.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.349-367
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• 1996

The development of small granule-containing cell in the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm crown rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cells, primitive neuroblasts, and unmyelinated nerve fibers together with blood vessels. At 90 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cell, small granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Two morphological types of the small granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first indentified at 90 mm fetus, but were rare. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary and had long processes, whereas type II cells tend to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. The granule-containing cells were characterized by the presence of dense-cored vesicles ranging from $150{\sim}300nm$ in diameter in both the cell bodies and processes. Other organelles included abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and widely distributed ribosomes. The granule-containing cells had long processes similar to those found in principal ganglionic cells. They could be identified by their content in dense-cored vesicles. The small granule-containing cells increased somewhat in size and number with increase of fetal age. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma and processes of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon terminals were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of granule-containing cells and presumed dendrite of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm onward. On the basis of these features type I granule-containing cells could be considered as interneurons. The clusters of type II granule-containing cells were located in the interstitial or subcapsular portions of the ganglion, and had short processes which ended in close relation to fenestrated capillaries. Therefore it may be infer that clusters of type II granule-containing cells have an endocrine function.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidative activities and tissue cell of mouse liver added caffeine. The body weight of all experimental groups increased during experimental periods, but the body weight of caffeine-containing groups were lower than those of any other experimental groups. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities tended to decrease significantly with caffeine-containing groups, but increased in control and ginseng-containing groups. Hydroperoxide contents were increase significantly with caffeine-containing groups. Lipid peroxidation levels decreased in ginseng-containing groups, but it increased significantly with caffeine-containing group. Protein contents were a tendency of similar between control and ginseng-containing groups, but it showed a increasing tendency in caffeine-containing groups. Microscopic observation of mouse liver cell were similar tissue in ginseng and caffeine-containing groups, but it showed somewhat more injuring only at the liver cell of anhydrous caffeine group, and became the suspicion in liver diseases. This results show that antioxidative activities are slightly higher in non-caffeine and ginseng-containing drinks than caffeine-cotaining drinks. From this standpoint, we suggest that too much drinking of caffeine-containing drinks for a long time is undesirable.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.764-773
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• 1996

The mutan containing $\alpha$-1,3 bond is an insoluble portion of glucan which is the main component of dental plaque. The secretion of mutanase was assessed with mutan-digesting Streptomyces isolated from soil, and the factors affecting its activity was studied, obtaining the following result. Mutan-digesting Streptomyces was identified as Streptomyces exfoliatus by its characteristics. The effect of dextranase was identified on the media containing blue dextran. A clear zone was produced by Streptomyces exfoliatus on the media containing blue mutan, so showing the secretion of mutanase. A clear zone was significantly produced on the media overlayed with agar containing blue mutan. A clear zone was produced at 2 days after the inoculation of Streptomyces exfoliatus on the media containing below a concentration of 0.025% glucose, at 3 days on the media containing 0.05 % glucose, and at 4 days on the media containing 0.1 % glucose. Mutan-digestion wasn't appeared early by adding other carbohydrates. The higher concentration of peptone, the later appearance of clear zone was on the media containing below a concentration of 0.1 % peptone. These results indicated that the secretion of mutanase was identified from mutan-digesting Streptomyces on the media containing blue mutan, and a clear zone was appeared lately on the media containing higher amount of glucose.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.403-410
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• 2000

In order to investigate the possibility of lwo fat meat products, beef patties were prepared with gums such as carrageenan, methyl cellulose, and xanthangum. The quality characteristics of beef patties were examined. Moisture contents of raw and cooked patties of control were lower than those of patties containing gums, and fat content was higher than those of containing gums. There was no significant difference in the protein contents of patties. In case of L-value(lightness) of raw patty, the control was higher than those patties containing gums. a-(redness) and b-value(yellowness) among patties were not significantly different. Cooking yield, fat retention, and water holding capacity of beef patties containing gums were higher than control beef patty, but salt soluble protein and gel strength were not significantly different. Significant difference did not exist among beef patties in hardness, but the chewiness and gumminess of patties containing gums were higher than control. In case of sensory evaluation, there was no significant difference among patties in aroma and palatability. Texture of control was higher than patties containing gums, and juiciness of control was higher than patties containing carrageenan.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-70
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• 1995

Periapical lesions develop as a result of immunopathologic response to irritants from infected root canal systems. Removal of these irritants from the root canal system and sealing the root canal space may induce he31ing of the periapical lesions. 83 periapical lesions diagnosed as periapical abscess, periapical granuloma, chronic nonspecific inflammation, fibrosis and periapical Cyst were evaluated for the distribution of immunoglobulin containing cells. The influence of the state of root canal treatment on the distribution of immunoglobulin containing cells has evaluated. All lesions were divided into a group with no treatment, a group with canal enlargement, a group filled with gutta percha, and a group filled with Vitapex(calcium hydroxide). The distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells according to the presence of pain and fistula was also evaluated. The following results were obtained. 1. Statistically significant difference in the distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells among periapical abscess, periapical granuloma, chronic nonspecific inflammation/fibrosis and periapical cyst were found.(Kruskal-Wallis analysis, P<0.05) The number of immunoglobulin-containing cells in fibrosis was remarkably lower than that of periapical abscess, granuloma and cyst. 2. IgM and IgA containing cells were predominantly observed in periapical abscesses and periapical cysts, respectively. 3. All periapical lesions showed a large number of IgG containing cells followed by IgM, IgA and IgE containing cells. 4. There was a decrease in all Ig-containing cells in the group with canal filling compared to groups without treatment or with enlargement. That is, there is a decrease in Ig-containing cells as treatment progresses. 5. No significant correlation existed between the presence of pain and fistula and the distribution of immunoglobulin containing cells in periapical lesions.(t-test) Results appear to support that immune response are actively involved in the development and progress in periapical lesions. The fact that distribution of immunoglobulins differ according to the state of endodontic treatment suggests that root canal treatment may alter the humoral immune response of the periapical lesions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.15-20
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• 1985

Influence of vitamins on the felt and lipid production of Aspergilus niger var. macrosporus, Aspergillus fumigatus and penicillium notatum were investigated after 10 days of incubation at $30^{\circ}C$ under static culture condition. The felt of molds were lower in the media containing vitamins than control medium. The lipids produced by each strains were highest yields in media containing vitamins. Among of these Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus and Aspergillus fumigatus produced. 4.6g and 5.28g in medium containing inositol 2.5mg/l and 0.5mg/l, respectively; while Penicillium notatum produced 1.51g in a medium containing thiamine 10mg/l. The major fatty acid of lipids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus was lower palmitic acid in media containing vitamins than control medium, While linoleic acid was higher in media containing thiamine and inositol. Aspergillus fumigatus was lower oleic acid in media containing vitamins than control medium, While linoleic acid was higher in media containing vitamins. Peniillium notatum was lower palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid in media containing vitamins but linoleic acid was higher. The composition of fatty acid of lipids changed depending on the media containing vitamins but hardly found a certain tendency except linoleic acid which was higher in a media containing thiamines and inositols. The degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the lipids were comparatively higher in media containing vitamins than control medium.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1976

This study was undertaken to investigate the direct effect of three different kinds of steroid to Trichophyton(T.) mentagrophytes growth in vitro. A loopful of T. mentagrophytes was inoculated into Sabouraud's media and Sabouraud's media containing various concentrations of dexamethasone (0.04%-0.00004%) prednisolone (0.25%-0.00025%), triamcinolone acetonide (0.2%-0.0002%), Sabouraud's media containing imidazole nitrate (econasole nitrate) 10 micro gm. per cc. of media, and Sabouraud's media containing econazole nitrate $10{\mu}g$ per cc. of media of various dexamethasone concentrations (0.04%-0.00004%). After inoculation they were left for two weeks at room temparature and the colony diameter were compared between Sabouraud's media and Sabouraud's media containing various concentrations, of three different steroids, Sabouraud's media containing econazole nitrate and Sabouraud's media containing econazole nitrate of various dexamethasone concentrations. For complementary study, hanging slide culture were done between Sabouraud's media and Sabouraud's media containing various dexamethasone concentrations to compare the degree of branching of hyphae and sporulation serially. The study results were as follows: 1. There is no significant difference in growth rate of T. mentcgrophytes between Sabouraud's media and Sabouraud's media containing various concentrations of three different steroids. 2. There is no significant difference in growth rate of T. metagrophytes between Sabouraud's media containing econazole nitrate 10 micro gm per cc. of media and Sabouraud's media containing econazole nitrate 10 micro gm per cc. of media of various dexamethasone concentrations. 3. In hanging slide culture, there is no significant difference in branching of hyphae and sporulation between Sabouraud's media and Sabouraud's media containing various dexamethasone concentrations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.243-248
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal conductivity of cement mortar for apartment housing floor using expansive admixture, copper fiber, cower lathe, hollowed aluminum plate. According to test results, temperature at point (a) located above heating pipe does not show significant variation with age, and temperature at (b), which is located at the finishing surface above heating pipe, and temperature at (c), which is located at center surface between heating pipe has remarkable change. Temperature distribution sat (b) are in order for, structure containing copper fiber>plain structure>structure containing hollowed aluminum plate>structure containing expansive admixture. Temperature distribution, shows high tendency in order for, structure containing copper fiber>structure containing copper lathe>structure containing hollowed aluminum plate>plain structure>structure containing expansive admixture. (a) estimation of temperature distribution is determined with the variation of temperature between (b) point and (c) point during 60 minutes heating.