• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 1987

Nowadays, the transportation of almost all cargoes depends on sea routes in international trade. In the transaction of trade, cargo transportation must be completed on the base of two contrary objectives, one of which is to protect the vessel, cargoes and crew aborad her safely through every step of the transportation and the other is to pursue profits from the transaction of the trade. In spite of the great development of the modern techniques in shipbuilding today, many sea disaters of big merchant vessels have been occurring successively in winter seasons every year on the sea routes of the North Pacific Ocean. Whenever the accident of losing a vessel in rough sea occurred , many experts of the country to which the vessel belonged had tried to take out the reason of the missing without manifesting the exact cause of the unhappy occurrence. In this paper, we calculated ocean wave status along the route of the North Pacific Ocean theoretically concluded by us as optimum on the basis of weather and sea conditions. In the calculation, we used ITTC wave spectrum formula and meteorological data of "Winds '||'&'||' Waves of the north Pacific Ocean" edited by Ship Research Institute of Japan on the basic data assembled by World Meterological Organization through past 10 years. We selected three sample vessels of most common size in the North Pacific Ocean Routes, a container, a log carrier and a bulk carrier and applied tree sample vessels to the calculated sea conditions for getting the rolling angles of the vessels and stress exerting on the hulls. Examining the calculated results, we concluded as follows; 1. Under the condition of these status7 by beaufort scale, "heave to" maneuvering is the best and safest way to steer every vessel. 2. The most dangerous part of sea area along the west bound optimum route of the North Pacific Ocean in winter season, is the southern sea area of the Kamchatka peninsula.a peninsula.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.71-90
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• 2007

To induce container cargos to Gunsan port, we should struggle on securing the quantity of goods transported from the competitive Jeonbuk and Chungcheong areas by reducing transportation expenses by land, and make an activating plan for the international exchange between Gunsan port and nearby ports in China. As a result, if the plan to induce container cargos to Gunsan port is activated, the regular liners will stop at Gusan port. So the new sea route will be opened so that consignors can ship cargos in the proper time. The consignors will use Gunsan port frequently because of the reduction of distribution expenses. To do so, for the first, many incentives should be implemented to attract container cargos. In addition, various facilities should be fully equipped and improved. This paper is to improve the problems for which consignors, the shipping lines and forwarders may feel uncomfortable when they use Gunsan port. According to the research on the actual condition, the biggest problem in Gunsan port is the depth of water. The management, relation system, infrastructure and information system of Gunsan port are also insufficient. Therefore, this paper will make an alternative plan to improve these problems and help the container cargos induce to Gunsan port.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.73-95
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• 2013

This paper analyzes a competitive shipping market in East Asia in order to explore how container carriers make decisions on ship size, number of ships, service frequency, and service route. A sequential-move game based on non-cooperative game theory is applied to establish the models for the decision-makings involving the transportation volumes, freight rates, costs, and market shares of the service routes from Shanghai or Hong Kong to the ports in Busan, Gwangyang, and Incheon. According to the sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium solutions proposed by these models, carriers' decisions in such a competitive environment vary depending on sailing distance, transport demand, and freight rates. Therefore, carriers are recommended to reflect the optimal equilibrium solutions and a variety of decision factors when formulating strategies for transportation networks and operating fleets. Furthermore, ports should establish management strategies for these factors to provide optimal equilibrium solutions for carriers' transportation networks.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2011

The aim of paper is to calculate the optimized size of Mobile Harbor(MH) which would be operated in South Korea coast area. MH is the combined entity which has the function of both ship and container port. In estimating the optimized size, the total cost concept is applied to the different size of MH. Trade-off factors for calculating total cost are MH cost and the over-capacity lost cost. The factors for MH cost estimation are the cargo demand, distance from origin to destination, voyage route and MH's fixed and variable cost in both sailing and port. The other cost is the over-capacity lost cost which is occurred from dead space in case of oversize compared with a voyage demand. The alternatives for the least cost are 250TEU, 500TEU, 750TEU and 1,000TEU sized vessel. The result of research is that 250TEU sized vessel is optimized in a South Korea costal service. If the coastal area be separated in terms of voyage distance or the specific area in considering trade, the optimized size is changed depending upon distance.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 1997

As the suitability of berth allocation will ultimately have a significant influence on the performance of a berth, a great deal of attention should be given to berth allocation. Generally, a berth allocation problem has conflicting factors between servers and users. In addition, there is uncertainty in great extent caused by various factors such as departure delay, inclement weather on route, poor handling equipment, a lack of storage space, and other factors contribute to the uncertainty of arrival and berthing time. Thus, it is necessary to establish berth allocation planning which reflects the positions of interested parties and the ambiguity of parameters. For this, a berth allocation problem is formulated by fuzzy 0-1 integer programming introducing the concept of maximum Position Shift(MPS). But, the above approach has limitations in terms of computational time and computer memory when the size of problem is increased. It also has limitations with respect to the integration of other sub-systems such as ship planning system and yard planning system. For solving such problem, this paper focuses particularly on developing an efficient heuristic algorithm as a new technique of getting an effective solution. And also the suggested algorithm is verified through the illustrative examples and empirical appalicaton to BCTOC.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.1 s.107
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

At the adjacent sea area of Busan Central Wharf, a variety of vessels, such as middle-large passenger ships, small hugh speed crafts, container ships, cargo ships and working boats as well as small miscellaneous vessels are freely sailing comparatively without special rules and marine traffic control. In this research, we analyzed traffic stream and navigational characteristics cf main traffic route based on statistics and distribution of tracks by ship's type and tonnage cf the passing vessels after conducting marine traffic survey twice using exclusive software. We examined the traffic safety of the passing vessels by classifying the sea area by each function based on the analysis about this traffic situation, and analyzing the effect by designating 'Inner passage'. We also studied the plan for the effective rearrangement cf Central Wharf considering basically the traffic safety of arrival and departure in a point of view of navigators.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.103-109
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• 2005

At the adjacent sea area of Busan Central Wharf, a variety of vessels, such as middle-large passenger ships, small fast sailing ships, container ships, cargo ships and working ships as well as small miscellaneous vessels are freely sailing comparatively without special steering and sailing Rules and marine traffic control because exclusive wharfs in accord with their purpose and use have been arranged in each wharf. In this research, we analyzed traffic stream and navigational characteristics of main traffic route based on statistics and distribution of tracks by ship's type and tonnage of the passing vessels after conducting marine traffic survey twice using exclusive software by targeting the sea area during the period of time. We examined the traffic safety of the passing vessels by classifying the sea area by each function based on the analysis about this traffic situation, and analyzing the effect by designating 'Buknea passage'. We also studied the plan for the effective rearrangement of Central Wharf considering basically the traffic safety oif arrival and departure in a point if view of navigators.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2013

The increase of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission is known as one of the major causes of global warming, and it has a strong influence on the global environment. Therefore many researchers and politicians have tried to regulate the $CO_2$ emission. In regards to the matter, the IMPACT (Inclusive Marine Pressure Assesment and Classification Technology) committee under the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers (JASNAOE) has developed an inclusive environmental impact assessment index, so-called "Triple I(III)", in order to assess the environmental impact including economic factors due to the artificial development of marine. In this study, III was applied to compare between the environmental impact of $CO_2$ emitted by container vessels during their life-cycle period and economic benefit due to their operating. Furthermore, III was also applied to assess the comprehensive environmental impact for the cases with various capacities of container vessels and different sailing route. From the results, the case for shortening of the sailing route is more effective to get the advantageous assessment results of III than the case for varying the size of vessels.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.219-254
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• 2014

Due to the recent development of globalization and supply chain management, growth of international trade has led to increasing cargo volume around the world. Since maritime logistics environments have changed, increased container ship size, improvement of harbor equipment, global port operation and rapid technological development have had an significant effects on shipping and port industry, which is contributing to competitiveness of port. Since a larger volume of port throughputs are generally regarded as an indicator of the more competitive port, inefficient port operation could reduce its competitiveness. On the other hand, high efficient ports could increase their competitive power while increasing cargo volume. This study aims at comparing competitiveness of the ports in the Northeast Asia by investigating changes of container throughputs and evaluating efficiency performance of ports. Shift-Share analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) have been conducted with 21 Northeast Asian ports and then separated them into 4 groups for comparative analysis to identify competitive position of each port. The results of this study show that Incheon and Gwangyang port have been decreased container cargo volume, while volume of Busan port would increase by means of active marketing, various route development and incentive policy for the port.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.105-131
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• 2022

Even after the improvement in 2019, UNCTAD's Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI), which evaluates the performance of the global container port market, has limited use. In particular, since the liner shipping connectivity index evaluates the performance based only on the distance of the relationship, the performance index combining the port attractiveness of calling would be more efficient. This study used the modified Huff model, the hub-authority algorithm and the eigenvector centrality of social network analysis, and correlation analysis for 2007, 2017, and 2019 data of Ocean-Commerce, Japan. The findings are as follows: Firstly, the port attractiveness of calling and the overall performance of the port did not always match. However, according to the analysis of the attractiveness of a port calling, Busan remained within the top 10. Still, the attractiveness among other Korean ports improved slowly from the low level during the study period. Secondly, Global container ports are generally specialized for long-term specialized inbound and outbound ports by the route and grow while maintaining professionalism throughout the entire period. The Korean ports continue to change roles from analysis period to period. Lastly, the volume of cargo by period and the extended port connectivity index (EPCI) presented in this study showed a correlation from 0.77 to 0.85. Even though the Atlantic data is excluded from the analysis and the ship's operable capacity is used instead of the port throughput volume, it shows a high correlation. The study result would help evaluate and analyze global ports. According to the study, Korean ports need a long-term strategy to improve performance while maintaining professionalism. In order to maintain and develop the port's desirable role, it is necessary to utilize cooperation and partnerships with the complimentary port and attract shipping companies' services calling to the complementary port. Although this study carried out a complex analysis using a lot of data and methodologies for an extended period, it is necessary to conduct a study covering ports around the world, a long-term panel analysis, and a scientific parameter estimation study of the attractiveness analysis.