• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.59-65
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• 2019

In many industries, particle packing is adopted quite frequently. In the particle packing process, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) can analyze the multi-collision of particles efficiently. Two types of contact models are frequently used for the DEM. One is the linear spring model, which has the fastest calculation time, and the other is the Hertz-Mindlin model, which is the most frequently used contact model employing the DEM. Meanwhile, very tiny particles in the micrometer order are used in modern industries. In the micro length order, surface force is important to decreased particle size. To consider the effect of surface force in this study, we performed a simulation with the Hertz-Mindlin model and added the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory depicting surface force with surface energy. In addition, three contact models were compared with several parameters. As a result, it was found that the JKR model has larger residual stress than the general contact models because of the pull-off force. We also validated that surface force can influence particle behavior if the particles are small.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2007

Dynamic behaviors of the contact surface between ball and raceway in a guideway mechanism vary with the applied loads and hence affect the mechanical responses of machine tools. The study aims to investigate the nonlinear characteristics of dynamic behaviors at the rolling contact interface in linear guideway mechanisms. Firstly, analytical method was introduced to understand the contact behaviors based on Hertz contact theory in a point-to-point way. Then, the finite element approach with a three-dimensional surface-to-surface contact model and appropriate contact stiffness was developed to study the dynamic characteristics of such linear guideways. Finally, experiments with modal test were conducted to verify the significance of both the analytical and the numerical results. Results told that the finite element approach may provide significant predictions. The study results also concluded that the current nonlinear models based on Hertz's contact theory may accurately describe the contact characteristic of a linear guideway mechanism. In the modal analysis, it was told that the natural frequencies vary a little with different loading conditions; however, the mode shapes are changed obviously with the magnitude of applied loads. Therefore, the stiffness of contact interface needs to be properly adjusted during simulation which may affect the dynamic characteristics of the machine tools.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to analyze the surface ultrastructure of RGP contact lenses post-use The RGP contact lenses, to investigate, were selected after one month, six months and one year of wear by the subjects. The anterior and posterior surfaces of these RGP contact lenses were inspected by a scanning electron microscope. The results were the following: 1. After one month of RGP contact lens use the anterior and posterior surfaces appeared clean and clear as originally. 2. After six months the anterior surface had several scars, dips, cracks and scratches. Upon the posterior surface appeared several foreign bodies and microorganisms. 3. After one year there was large scale damage and many foreign bodies were observed. Therefore, extended use of RGP contact lenses has shown increasing physical damage and extensive foreign body accumulation upon the ultrastructure of the lens surface.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.705-714
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• 2000

The formulation of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and a shortcoming of traditional SPH in contact simulation are presented. A contact algorithm is proposed to treat contact phenomenon between two objects. We describe the boundary of the objects with non-mass artificial particles and set vectors normal to the contact surface. Contact criterion using non-mass particles is established in this study. In order to verify the contact algorithm, an algorithm is implemented in to an in-house program; elastic wave propagation is an analysed under low velocity axial impact of two rods. The results show that the contact algorithm eliminates the undesirable phenomena at the contact surface; numerical result with the contact algorithm is compared with theoretical one.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.263-271
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• 2003

Effects of the existence of $CO_2$ gas and pH on the silica surface characteristics at silica/Pb(II) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS, $C_{12}H_{25}SO_3Na$) solution interface were studied. The hydrophobic characteristics of silica surface was delineated by contact angle measurement and surface force measurement using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In $CO_2$ free condition provided by purging $N_2$ gas, the contact angle of fused silica surface in $10^{-4}M$ Pb(II) and SDS solution increased greatly up to $90^{\circ}$ compared with $40^{\circ}$ in atmospheric condition. It was due to the precipitation of $PbCO_3$ in atmospheric condition. In $CO_2$ free condition the change of contact angle and adhesion force ($F_{ad}$) in AFM, affected by pH change, was similar to the distribution of $PbOH^+$ ion in speciation diagram corresponding to $10^{-4}M$ total Pb(II). Therefore, it was convinced that the $PbOH^+$ ion among Pb(II) species would be the main adsorbing type on silica surface. Both of contact angle measurement and surface force measurement using AFM showed that the Pb only treatment made the silica surface hydrophobic. However, it could not be explained theoretically by current knowledge, and required further study in atomic level to solve the problem.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was analyzed to compare on the physical characters of two companies of color contact lenses. Artificial tear solution was used for measuring the rate of protein deposits and wettability. The surface roughness of lenses was measured by SEM(scanning electron microscope, Japan) and AFM(atomic force microscope, MultimodeTM, USA). As a results, The color contact lenses was not different from general soft contact lenses in a respect of other properties. However, the colored contact lenses showed a severe crack on the surface under SEM observation. There was no irregularity on the surface of the colored contact lenses in AFM photograph. The dyes were deposited in inside of lenses by microscope observation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.358-366
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• 1990

As a basic study to clarify the scoring resistance in lubricated sliding contact, the temperature rise on frictional surface was analyzed by theoretical method and the effects of various factors on the temperature rise were examined. On the basic of the results obtained theoretically, the practical equations to calculate the maximum average temperature of the contact surface were proposed which are applicable to sliding contact. Then, the effects of sliding velocity and oil temperature on the seizure behavior, and the relation between seizure and temperature rise were investigated. The following conclusions are deduced : The maximum average temperature rise and the other bulk temperature. The former is affected by the size of heat supply region and the sliding velocity, the latter is affected by heat transfer coefficient. Without regard to the operating condition such as sliding velocity, oil temperature and operating time at each load-step, the maximum average temperature just before seizure is nearly constant except in the region of lower velocity. Consequently, the maximum average temperature of the contact surface in boundary lubrication is a useful criterion to predict the scoring of sliding contact.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.559-566
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• 2013

The effects of solid surface roughness on the contact angle of a nanofluid droplet were experimentally investigated. The experiments were conducted using the solid surface of a 10 mm cubic copper block and the nanofluid of water mixed with CuO nanoparticles. The experimental results showed that the contact angles of nanofluid droplets were lower than those of water droplets and that the contact angle of the nanofluid droplet increased with the solid surface roughness. Furthermore, it was found that the contact angles of water droplets on the solid surface quenched by both water and the nanofluid were lower than those of water droplets on the pure solid surface. However, significant differences were not observed between the contact angles on the solid surfaces quenched by water and the nanofluid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.821-827
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• 2001

In this study performed to identify a degradation mechanism in macromolecular insulating material, the contact angel, surface potential decay, surface resistivity, and XPS analysis were compared after exposure of FRP laminate to plasma discharge. In the case of contact angle, the surface of specimen untreated showed weak hydrophobic property of 73。. However, the contact angle was decreased to 20。in the plasma-treated specimen. In the case of chemical changes arising form plasma treatment, carboxl radicals were generated mainly in the surface treated, which was rapidly changed to the hydrophilic one. In the corona potential decay study to determine the electrical changes of the surface, positive charges were rapidly decreased when compared with negative charges, leading to negative property in the surface of specimen not treated. However, in the case of the hydrophilic surface, lots of carboxl radicals acting as positive polarity were generated, resulting in positive surface. Owing to such positive surface, charges of negative polarity applied were rapidly decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.122-128
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• 1996

In high speed and high precision assembly systems such as a surface mounting device and robotend effector, the contact force control is required. As the operation repeats, the repetitive control is applied to reduce the periodic contact force errors. Since high order unmodelled dynamics are easily excited in contact force control, a Q filter was introduced and its robust stability was analyzed. Simulation and Experimental results show the effectiveness of the algorithm.