• ETRI Journal
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.587-596
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• 2008

Facility-based competition (FBC) in the telecommunications market is considered to have lower static efficiency in the short term and higher dynamic efficiency in the long term. Under service-based competition (SBC), the entrant can reduce its setup costs by leasing network facilities from the incumbent, which makes the entrant viable, pushes the market price down and promotes static efficiency. This paper attempts to measure static efficiency by comparing the profits of the incumbent and entrant in terms of consumer surplus and social welfare under each competition type by extending the Stackelberg model. The results, assuming a linear demand function and variation in regulatory level, show that FBC results in higher social welfare than SBC on the whole. However, SBC accompanied by strong regulation is also shown to have the potential to be superior over FBC. It is also revealed that FBC exhibits a higher producer surplus (particularly, the incumbent's producer surplus) and is, therefore, more desirable in terms of dynamic efficiency. When the entrant's cost is high in FBC, social welfare is shown to be lowered, implying that cost competitiveness is a necessary condition for social welfare.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 2024

Starting from 2030, mandatory group housing for pregnant sows on pig farms has been enforced, requiring to secure the group housing spaces for pregnant sows. Additionally, six weeks after mating, pregnant sows are obligated to be raised in group housing spaces, and, the use of individual stalls is prohibited. This study analyzed the impact of mandatory group housing for pregnant sows on the pig industry using the equilibrium displacement model (EDM). The results showed a decrease in production due to the increase in space allocation per sow, but more significantly, consumers' willingness to pay, driven by animal welfare considerations, increased. This led to the increase in retail prices and farm prices by 13% and 25%, respectively. Analyzing the changes in social welfare, consumer surplus is increased by 5,887 billion won, and producer surplus is also increased by 10,655 billion won, contributing to the total increase in social welfare of 16,542 billion won. This suggests that the mandatory group housing for pregnant sows have positive impacts on both consumers and producers. However, this study did not consider the cost aspect, and, therefore future research is required to address the issue of cost.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.167-181
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• 2012

This study analyzed consumer's harsh complaining behaviors and firm's reactions toward consumers' harsh complaining behavior, and investigated the differences in the firms' reactions according to the characteristics of counselors and customer service centers. In addition, this study attempted to find a strategy and provide guidance regarding consumer's harsh complaining behaviors. The results of this study are discussed below. First, consumer's harsh complaining attitudes were expressed by crude language, violent language, threats, personal attacks, and claims of a high-ranking social position. Consumer's directive, complaining behaviors were repeated on the telephone, and threats of prosecution or disclosure to the public, exposure of habitual product returns, and requests for interviews with superiorsat the representative firm were made. Second, a firm typologies according to its reaction style toward a consumer's harsh complaining behaviors were as follows: Group 1, having a neutral attitude toward consumers and preparation thoroughly regarding their demands; Group 2, having a negative attitude toward consumers and some degree of preparation toward consumers' demands; and finally, Group 3, having a positive attitude toward consumers but offering insufficient reparation regarding consumers' demands. Third, female counselors, counselors having a certified counselor's license, and those much experience working in labor work were more likely to be in Group 3. Male counselors, part-time counselors, and those having experience of many years were more likely to be in Group 2. Group 1 were more likely to have large number of workers at customer service centers, male counselors, and to have large numbers of educational training programs related to the reactions of consumers in the form of dissatisfaction, complaints, how to offer compensation for injuries to consumers, and issues related to PL(product liability). In addition, Group 1 also had more firm level welfare policies related to hight stress levels of consumer counselors and extra types of support regarding harsh consumers. However, Group 2 members were more likely to provide excessive compensation and rewards to harsh consumers. Finally, to react to consumer's harsh complaint efficiently, it was suggested that firms should not treat consumers as harsh consumers, should react to consumers' complaints sincerely, and should take precautionary management efforts as regards consumer dissatisfaction based on better quality control of products. In addition, it was deemed necessary to formulate a management strategy to train competent consumer counselors with a high quality of counselor skill, having standardized and consistent reaction guidance toward consumer complaints and thorough knowledge of compensation rules for consumer injuries and subsequent guidance.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.125-145
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• 2013

The Korea-EU FTA will provide korea with a significant advantage in the region both international trade and consumer welfare. Under the Korea-EU FTA, increasing of bilateral trade in consumer and industrial products would become duty and most remaining tariffs would be eliminated. This article studies on EU product price level of Korean consumer for before and after Korea-EU FTA effectuation. The questionnaires are sended 1,000 samples and 780 returns, 283 of them are analyzed for a this study. This paper has there main a parts, A Paired Samples Test result shows that the EU goods price level are positively affected by Flesh-meat, Electronic device & Electric home appliances, Kitchen utensils, Fruit juice(beverage), alcoholic liquors(wine, whisky), Clothes & Fashion. However, The Clothes & Fashion does not affect in EU goods price level, the Clothes & Fashion positively affected price differential more FTA effectuation before than FTA effectuation after.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.375-383
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• 2018

This study was carried out to grasp the economic effects of the social welfare foundation by establishing and operating it. For this purpose, the effects of the social welfare law of Daegu Metropolitan City on the regional economy were analyzed using the input-output analysis model. As a result, the effects of GDP was 43,445 billion won, the total value-added effect was 1,940 billion won, and the total employment inducement effect was 37,411. Based on these results, the future direction of the social welfare corporation is suggested as follows. First, it is necessary to shift the perception of consumer-oriented welfare toward welfare that contributes to the activation of the local economy. Second, efforts should be made to continuously expand employment linked to social welfare services, to create an environment where jobs can be created from a long-term perspective, and to establish a separate support system. Third, the value-added created by the social welfare foundation should be newly recognized and sought to be expanded in various fields. Fourth, efforts should be made to secure the legitimacy of social service provision and ensure accountability by appropriately promoting the economic ripple effects of social welfare foundation to the local community.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.108-116
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• 2016

Halal market has been growing tremendously recently. The food products occupies the most share in the Halal market category. The phenomenon could be explained by the increased number of consumer among Halal products. Apart from Muslims, who consumes Halal product due to religious obligations, it is assumed that non-Muslims have also started consuming Halal products, especially food items. Halal food products have been perceived as safer, animal friendly and environmental sustainable. Hence, the awareness of Halal principles, Islamic Brand, moral obligation animal welfare and food safety have been studied in this research in order to investigate the influence of Halal food product purchase intention among non-Muslim consumer using quantitative research method. Food safety has been identified to be the most significant in predicting the purchase intention of Halal food product. Furthermore, future studies are suggested to include additional variables such as habit and self-awareness.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.1 s.73
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• pp.31-39
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the meaning and motivation for family leisure activities, and to analyze how the family's attitude and motivation affect the satisfaction over family leisure activities. The participants of this study were sixty-five married couples who were living in Seoul. Sata were analyzed by frequency, mean, ANOVA, T-Test, and Duncan test. The major results of this research were as follows; first, there were statistically significant differences in the meanings the families attributed to, and motivations for, family leisure activities according to social-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, job, and income and debt levels). Second, satisfaction over family leisure activities was affected by their meanings and motivations. The participants who participated voluntarily in family activities as 'leisure activities' showed a higher level of satisfaction.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.45-61
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of older consumers' lifestyle, and to provide the basic information for developing silver commodities and, in turn, to stimulate the silver industry which has received attention as a next-generation industry. The study divided elderly consumers into four lifestyle categories and analyzed the difference in demographic characteristics among these categories as well as differences in demand for silver products. Data were collected with questionnaire and analyzed with frequency analysis, factor analysis, K-means cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, and a $x^2$ test using SPSS 15.0. Four different lifestyles categories were identified among elderly consumers : conservative and stability oriented (22 persons, 33.3% of the sample), progressive and relation oriented (22 persons, 15.0%), reality adapted (52 persons, 35.4%), and traditional (24 persons, 16.4%). The demand for silver products demands was significantly different among elderly consumers in the four different lifestyle groups.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

Entering the 21st century, countries throughout the world are turning the direction of their education to be consumer-oriented and reinforcing lifelong education in preparation for the rapid advance of science and technology and the globalization, opening and informatization of the world. With the reinforcement of consumer-oriented education and lifelong education, the role of school is emphasized as a ground for lifelong education in community and efforts are being made to use schools and community facilities compositely so that schools may play the role of central facilities in community. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to analyze the relation between lifelong education and school facilities in the educational aspect, and to suggest a basic architectural direction so that schools may play central roles for social, cultural, educational, welfare, and sport activities in community.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2000

Using the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances, this study investigates how family life-cycle stages and financial management practices affect household saving. First findings are that household income and householders education, race and ethnicity have significant effects on saving. Second, regarding the effect of the family life-cycle stages, younger married couples without children, middle pre-retired households without dependent children, and older households without dependent children are more likely to save than other similar households in the life-cycle stage of younger single households. Third, households with longer financial planning horizons, saving goals for retirement, purchase of durable goods and emergency goods, and low credit card debt are more likely to save. Based on the results, implications for financial management education and public policy are suggested.