• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine how female labor force participation, family policies, and gender equality are related to fertility rate across countries. Multiple measures has been collected from various data sources(such as OECD, UNDP, and WVS) and the panel data set which includes (mostly) OECD countries range from 1990 to 2019 are analyzed. The major findings are as follows. First, based on OECD countries samples, female labor force participation is positively associated with the fertility rate, which implies that women's labor force participation does not lead to a reduction in fertility rate. Second, the length of paternity leave is positively associated with fertility rate whereas the direction is the opposite for the relationship between the length of maternity leave and fertility rate. This is attributed to the possibility that a longer period of maternity leave incurs the a higher opportunity cost of earning income, which leads to a reduced fertility rate. Third, countries with higher gender inequality index tend to have a higher fertility rate. Similarly, countries with higher gender equality value have a lower fertility rate. When the gender equality value is devideed into three sub-categories, education, politics, and employment, the gender equality value in education is the only sub-category which is negatively associated with the fertility rate. This study confirms that female labor force participation may not be a contributing factor in the lowering of fertility rate but instead can be positively associated with the fertility rate. Also, the results show that family policies or gender equality values can be significantly affect fertility rate.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-91
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in home management part in the home economics textbooks for middle school from the 1st to the 7th curriculum period. The part of home management in the all of home economics textbooks published in every curriculum period was analyzed using several external criteria of textbook. The major findings of this study were as follows : 1. The part of home management was divided into even specific areas including 'definition and process of home management'. 'time management'. 'household labor/work management'. 'family financial management'.'purchasing'. and 'consumer protection'. 2. The part of home management has been included in the middle school home economics textbooks since the 1st curriculum period. The proportion of this part in the whole textbook varied with range from 5.1% to 31.8%. 3. The areas emphasized in the beginning of curriculum period were 'family financial management'and 'household labor/work management'. and 'utilization of family resource and environment management'were the areas emphasized in the later curriculum period. 4. The titles of the middle and small unit have begun to use recent words and have represented the including contents since the 4th curriculum period. 5. The numbers of illustrations. tables. pictures. and activities have increased since the 6th curriculum period. 6. Other unrelated areas such as computer and career preparation were included in the home management part in the 1st. 2nd. and 5th curriculum period.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.311-325
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze patterns of time usage of the retired elderly so as to improve their quality of life. The subjects of this study were 225 elderly people in Jeonnam Province. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and multiple regression. The major findings were as follows : (1) The retired elderly spend more time in physiological activities and leisure, and there was no day difference in time use. (2) On weekdays, the variables affecting labor time were age, former job, health state, and education. On the weekends, education, health state, and former job had significant effects on the amount of time spent on labor. (3) The variables affecting participation and volunteer time were: monthly living expenses, age, spouse, former job, and house, on weekdays, and on the weekends, significant factors were spouse, age, and former job. (4) The variables affecting leisure time were education, age, monthly living expenses, religion, and economic state, on the weekdays, and on weekends, the significant factors were education, economic state, house, religion, and former job.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.13-25
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• 2024

Purpose: Korea's construction industry has faced declining productivity and quality issues due to labor-intensive onsite construction and variables like weather, material price fluctuations, and labor shortages. The modular housing industry, introduced in Korea in 2003, offered benefits like reduced construction time and enhanced productivity through offsite manufacturing. However, its adoption remains limited due to high costs, quality concerns, and low consumer acceptance. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study explores the feasibility and impact of implementing smart factory technologies in the modular housing industry to overcome these barriers. Using survey data from 179 construction industry experts, the study employs frequency and regression analysis to identify key factors influencing the adoption of modular housing and the effectiveness of smart factories. Findings suggest that government-led educational programs and strong policy support are essential for successful implementation, enhancing productivity, reducing costs, and improving quality. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need for standardization of modular housing, deregulation of relevant laws, and increased public awareness to stimulate market growth and innovation. Policy recommendations include financial support for modular manufacturers transitioning to smart factories, ensuring stable supply volumes, and promoting the benefits of modular housing to consumers. Integrating smart factory technologies can lead to significant advancements in the modular housing industry, contributing to the sustainable development and modernization of Korea's construction sector.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.421-446
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• 2024

Through Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the growth of music streaming platforms has revolutionized music consumption. "Digital Shadow Work" (DSW) refers to unpaid labor in digital spaces, with some prior research on its aspects. However, a comprehensive understanding is hindered by limitations in existing studies such as a lack of universality and dynamic exploration. To address these gaps and enable a comprehensive investigation into the role of DSW within highly versatile digital applications such as digital streaming platforms, this study employs a grounded theory methodology, a qualitative approach well-suited for exploring the intricacies of DSW among users of Chinese music streaming applications over a two-month period, involving longitudinal interviews with nine participants. The study findings elucidate the dynamic nature of DSW perceptions, which fluctuate across different stages of use and change in intensity over time. This study uncovers mixed attitudes towards DSW tasks, and observes a waning enthusiasm for social features over time, prompting some users to consider switching platforms. This study highlights the importance of thoughtful and user-centric feature development to enhance user satisfaction and the understanding of DSW, providing practical design and enhancement implications for music streaming applications.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2017

The domestic mold industry is composed of 6,560 small and medium sized mold companies as of 2015. The structure of mold industry centered on less than 10 people in the past has been improved in the direction of increasing number of medium and large scale companies with more than 20 competitors with global competitiveness and has maintained its position as the world's second largest mold exporter with global competitiveness. Nevertheless, the manpower structure and corporate competitiveness structure of the mold industry is very high, with the proportion of production manpower reaching 70% and shortage rate of 10% or more in order to respond to the orders of customers. However, the development base for new employees with technological skills required by the industrial field is poor, and the inflow of young people is very limited due to factors such as the avoidance of small and medium enterprises and production jobs. It is expected that the labor shortage of mold enterprises will be further increased in the future. In the mold industry, due to the characteristics of small quantity multi-product production corresponding to the demand of the consumer, many production processes are individually and independently carried out, resulting in low labor productivity, and the structural time required for the worker to increase the working time Due to limitations, the working hours per week of the employees are about 50 hours. The implementation of the working time reduction bill, which is recently promoted by the government, is a crisis factor. In order to cultivate the mold industry, it is necessary to expand the base of molds to meet the intensification of global competition, the convergence of technologies to actively respond to the restructuring of the industrial structure, and the response to the new industry, It is necessary to improve labor productivity through policies such as development and dissemination of system, and to secure price, delivery and quality competitiveness in global market.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2005

This paper utilized a Korean time-use survey and household expenditure survey in designing an input-output table to develop satellite accounts of household production in Korea in 1999. Additionally, the household production in Korea was compared with that in the United States, Australia, Finland, and Canada. Results of this study may be summarized as follows. First, household production in Korea represented $43\%$ of Gross Domestic Product (GDP,) compared to $63\%$ of GDP in the United States, $68\%$ in Australia, $58\%$ in Finland, and $54\%$ in Canada. Second, labor emerged as the largest input for household production in Korea, while materials and services - both intermediate goods - emerged as the second input. On the other hand, the proportion of housing among the four inputs of household production in Korea was greater than for either the United States or the other countries studied. This implies that the cost of intermediate goods and housing in Korea is more expensive than in other countries.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.17-40
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the present condition of work-leisure balance and its influencing factors in employed young single households. Three groups of sample households-work-oriented, balanced, and leisure-oriented-were compared by factors related to work and leisure. Six cases were interviewed to obtain qualitative data on the subjective meaning of work-life balance and its influencing factors. The results showed different characteristics between the three groups based on the various work- and -leisure- related factors: average weekly working hours of the week, number of vacation days per year, weekday leisure time, degree of weekday freedom, and sufficiency of the leisure cost. In addition, the characteristics considered desirable for quality of life differed between groups. Finding the meaning of life through work and leisure was very important for those respondents, who have an unstable position in the labor market, and who want to delay making decisions on moving into the marriage and family-building phase recognized as a major development task for Korean adults.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2021

This paper examines the long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth. The effective function of financial development is crucial to promote the economic development of the country. To achieve the objective, this study used Gross Domestic Product as a dependent variable and Credit to The Private Sector, Ratio of the Gross Fixed Capital Formation to GDP, Trade, Consumer Price Index and Labour Force as an independent variable. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic (ADF) to check the stationary. Bounds test for cointegration and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Models (ARDL) are used to check cointegrating relationship amongst the variables and causality between financial development and economic growth. Moreover, the Model selection method is Akaike Info Criterion (AIC). This result demonstrates that the labor force and trade hold a significantly negative relationship with economic growth. Nevertheless, inflation, Credit to The Private Sector, and Ratio of the Gross Fixed Capital Formation to GDP show a significantly positive relationship with economic growth. Therefore, there is a statistically significant relationship between Financial Development and Economic growth in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan government should reform its trade policies.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.129-140
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to understand the labor division between men's housework and market work and to research the change of men's contribution to housework. And it was also examined what kinds of valuables work on a change in men's market work and housework. The information about men's change in the labor division was collected from the biggest 5 news papers in Korea for last five years for this study. And either men's new participation trend to household work did. Words searched for this study were men, labor, family, home, housewife, work, household work, father etc. Korean men have experienced a overloaded breadwinner role and have worked most in the world since 1960s. But Korean men's working time was continuously decreased a little every year. As Korean Companies had fired many worker during IMP economic crisis period, Korean men had to work more than before because of decreased fellows and they should have concentrated on their work at the sacrifice of private life and family-sharing time. On the other hand, some men were started to participate to do housework as a results of long-unemployment and early retirement after this periods. 5 day working system be in forced gradually since 2003 especially make men come back home and interest on housework. So Korean men's housework participation is gradually increasing by the practical application of sex-equitable politics such as 5 day working system and men's suspension regime for baby care. father's increased participation to children education and care, men's new family-oriented life style, dual-sexuality education system, and socially changed perception to husband housemaker. These interrelated trends demands us to shape a new labor division pattern in the family that make change the breadwinner/homemaker conception by the gender role. Now, all of family, men, women, and children have to join housework. It would help women, men, and all families make more human and equitable relationship.