• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.26-36
• /
• 2018

Purpose: Children born with single ventricle physiology demonstrate poor growth rate and suffer from malnutrition, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality in this population. We assume that an anabolic steroid, oxandrolone, will promote growth in these infants by improving myocardial energy utilization. The purpose of this paper is to study the efficacy of oxandrolone on myocardial energy consumption in these infants. Materials and Methods: We modeled single ventricle physiology in a lamb by prenatally shunting the aorta to the pulmonary artery and then postnatally, we monitored cardiac energy utilization by quantitatively measuring the first order reaction rate constant, $k_f$ of the creatine-kinase reaction in the heart using magnetization transfer $^{31}P$ magnetic resonance spectroscopy, home built $^1H/^{31}P$ transmit/receive double tuned coil, and transmit/receive switch. We also performed cine MRI to study the structure and dynamic function of the myocardium and the left ventricular chamber. The spectroscopy data were processed using home-developed python software, while cine data were analyzed using Argus software. Results: We quantitatively measured both the first order reaction rate constant and ejection fraction in the control, shunted, and the oxandrolone-treated lambs. Both $k_f$ and ejection fraction were found to be more significantly reduced in the shunted lambs compared to the control lambs, and they are increased in oxandrolone-treated lambs. Conclusion: Some improvement was observed in both the first order reaction rate constant and ejection fraction for the lamb treated with oxandrolone in our preliminary study.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.719-729
• /
• 1992

본 논문은 레이다 목표물 검파에 유용한 MXTM(maximum trmmed mea)-CFAR(constant false alarm rate) 처리기를 제안하고, 성능분석을 통하여 기존의 CFAR 처리기와 비교하였다. 제안된 MXTM-CFAR처리기는 클러터경계에서 좋은 성능을 갖는 GO(greatest of)-CFAR 처리기와 균질 또는 비균질상황에서 좋은 성능을 갖는 기존의 순서통계에 근거한 TM-CFAR 처리기를 결합한 형태이다. 균질상황, 간섭표적상화 및 클러터경계에서 구한 검파확률, 오경보율과 임계치를 통하여 성능을 분석하고 기존의 CFAR 처리기와 비교하였다. 제안된 처리기는 균질상황과 간섭표적상화에서 OS(order statistics)및 TM-CFAR 처리기와 같은 성능을 유지하면서 클러터 경계에서 오경보율을 줄일 수 있어으며 처리시간을 단축 시킬 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 2015

Cardiopulmonary depression of long-term constant rate infusion (CRI) administration of multiple analgesic drugs is important, especially in critically ill dogs. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine combination CRI treatment on vital signs and left ventricular (LV) function in healthy dogs. Six adult Beagle dogs were administered either ketamine (initial loading dose of 0.5 mg/kg followed by $10{\mu}g/kg/min$ CRI), lidocaine (initial loading dose of 2 mg/kg followed by 0.025 mg/kg/min CRI), or combined lidocaine-ketamine intravenously. Arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and echocardiographic LV dimensions were measured before administration of medications, immediately after administration of drugs, and then every 10 min for 2 h. There were no significant changes in HR, RR, BT and BP after the administration of either lidocaine CRI, ketamine CRI, or combined lidocaine and ketamine CRI. There were also no significant changes in LV dimensions and stroke volume. The results revealed that treatment with either lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine may not cause cardiopulmonary suppression in healthy dogs.

• 자원리싸이클링
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2003

황산 용액에서 Zinc-ferrite의 용해에 대한 반응속도론을 황산 용액의 반응온도와 농도 변화에 대해 조사하였다. 반응율(R)과 겉보기 반응 속도상수(K)는 황산 용액의 온도와 농도가 클수록 증가한다. Zinc-ferrite의 반응속도는 반응초기에서 $1-(1-K)^{1/3}=Kt$와 같은 속도식을 적용할 수 있다. 용해에 대한 활성화 에너지는 황산 용액의 농도에 관계없이 약 16.3kcal/mole 이다. Zinc-ferrite가 황산 용액에서 용해할 때는 Zinc-ferrite의 화학 양론적 조성으로 용해되며, Fe 또는 Zn의 단독으로는 용해되지 않는다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.184-191
• /
• 1999

Th effects of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) on the characteristics of combustion exhaust emissions and specific fuel consumption(SFC) are experimentally investigated by four-cylin-der four-cycle and direct injection marine diesel engine. In order to reduce soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to intake system of the engines a novel diesel soot removal system with a cylinder-type scrubber which has water injector(4 nozzles in 1.0mm diameter)is specially designed and manufactured for the experi-mental system. The obtained results are as follows; The combustion pressure in cylinder is decreased and ignition is delayed with increasing EGR rate. The accumulated quantity of heat release is slightly decreased and the tendency of heat release rate is not constant. NOx and Soot emissions are decreased by maximum 7% and 540% with scrubber tan without scrubber in the range of experimental conditions. Those are increased at the lean burn area with increasing equivalence ration in the constant value of engine speed and EGR rate. Also those are decreased with increasing EGR rate in the constant value of engine speed and equivalence ratio.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.311-316
• /
• 2008

This study aimed to obtain equilibrium concentration on adsorption removal of ammonia nitrogen by activated carbon, to express the adsorption characteristics following Freundlich isotherm and also, based on the value obtained, to investigate the relationship between physical characteristics of activated carbon and dynamics of ammonia nitrogen removal by obtaining rate constant and effective pore diffusivity. The results summarized from this study are as follows. It was noted that powdered activated carbon showed better adsorption ability than granular activated carbon. The value of constant (f) of Freundlich isotherm of powered activated carbon was $4.6{\times}10^{-8}$ which is bigger than that of granular activated carbon. The adsorption rate constant on ammonia nitrogen of powered activated carbon with high porosity and low effective diameter was highest as 0.416 hr-1 and the effective pore diffusivity ($D_e$) was lowest as $1.17{\times}10^{-6}cm^2/hr$, and the value of ammonia nitrogen adsorption rate constant of granular activated carbon was $0.149{\sim}0.195hr^{-1}$. It was revealed that, with the same amount of dosage, the adsorptive power of activated carbon with lower effective diameter and bigger porosity was better and its rate constant was also high. With a little adsorbent dosage of 2 g, there was no difference removal ability of ammonia nitrogen as change of adsorption properties.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.491-496
• /
• 2010

This study aimed to obtain equilibrium concentration on adsorption removal of phosphorus by activated carbon, to express the adsorption characteristics following Freundlich isotherm and also, based on the value obtained, to investigate the relationship between physical properties of activated carbon and dynamics of phosphorus removal by obtaining rate constant and effective pore diffusivity. The results summarized from this study are as follows. Phosphorus adsorption equilibrium reaching time of powdered activated carbon was reduced as the dosage of activated carbon increases, while granular activated carbon despite increased dosage did not have influence on adsorption equilibrium reaching times of phosphorus as well, taking more than 10 hours. It was also noted that powdered activated carbon showed better adsorption ability than granular activated carbon. The value of constant (f) of Freundlich isotherm of powered activated carbon on phosphorus was 4.26 which is bigger than those of granular activated carbon. The adsorption rate constant on phosphorus of powered activated carbon with low effective diameter and iodine number was highest as $8.888hr^{-1}$ and the effective pore diffusivity ($D_e$) was lowest as $2.45{\times}10^{-5}cm^2/hr$, and the value of phosphorus adsorption rate constant of granular activated carbon was $0.174{\sim}0.372hr^{-1}$, It was revealed that, with the same amount of dosage, the adsorptive power of activated carbon with lower effective diameter was better and its rate constant was also high.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.381-385
• /
• 2006

The temperature dependence on the electron transfer rate constant $(k_{app})$ for hydroquinone redox center in $H_2Q(CH_2)_n$SH-SAMs (n = 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) on gold electrode was investigated to obtain reorganization energy $(\lambda)$ using Laviron’s formalism and Arrhenius plot of ln $[k_{app}/T^{1/2}]$ vs. T^{-1} based on the Marcus densityof-states model. All the symmetry factors measured for the SAMs were relatively close to unity and rarely varied to temperature change as expected. The electron tunneling constant $(\beta)$ determined from the dependence of the $k_{app}$ on the distance between the redox center and the electrode surface gives almost the same $\beta$ values which are quite insensitive to temperature change. Good linear relationship of Arrhenius plot for all $H_2Q(CH_2)_n$SH-SAMs on gold electrode was obtained in the temperature range from 273 to 328 K. The slopes n Arrhenius plot deduced that $\lambda$ of hydroquinone moiety is ca. 1.3-1.4 eV irrespectively of alkyl chain length of the electroactive SAM.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.163-167
• /
• 2004

TiAl(La)N thin films were oxidized in vacuum of about 7 Pa to reduce the oxidation of WC-Co as a substrate. The oxidation rate constants of the thin films were quantified by an assumption of parabolic oxidation. Increasing AI content significantly decreased the parabolic oxidation rate constant. A simultaneous addition of AI and La was more effective to reduce the oxidation rate. The parabolic oxidation rate constant of $Ti_{0.66}$ $Al_{0.32}$ $La_{ 0.02}$N thin film at 1273 K showed about ten times lower than that of TiN. The addition of a small amount of La with Al induced the preferential formation of dense $\alpha$ $-Al_2$$O_3$ film in oxide film, leading to the abrupt reduction of oxidation rate.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전자공학회 1999년도 추계종합학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.43-46
• /
• 1999

Blind equalizers recover the transmitted data using signal's statistical characteristics only. Because of its computational simplicity and fast convergence rate, CMA is widely used in practice. Blind equalizers, however, converge much slowly than conventional equalizers which use the training signals. In order to improve the convergence rate, many modified blind equalization algorithms have been proposed. Among those, Normalized CMA (NCMA) was applied to increase the convergence rate by using the large step size. Unfortunately it can only be applied for the constant modulus signal constellation scheme. this paper, we propose the Selective NCMA (SNCMA) that improve the convergence rate of blind equalization algorithms by using NCMA for non-constant modulus signalling method such as QAM constellation. We achieved fast start-up convergence rate and reduced steady-state residual error.