• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2024

Major countries are trying to expand the construction of smart factories by introducing ICT such as the Internet of Things, cloud, and big data into the manufacturing sector to secure national-level manufacturing competitiveness in the era of the 4th industrial revolution. In addition, Germany is pushing for Industry 4.0 to build a fully automatic production system through the Internet of Things, and China is pushing for the expansion of smart factories to enhance the country's industrial competitiveness through Made in China 2025, Japan's intelligent manufacturing system, and the Korean government's manufacturing innovation 3.0. In this study, considering the increasing security connectivity of smart factories, we would like to identify security threats in the external connection part of smart factories and suggest security enhancement measures based on domestic and international standard security models to respond to the identified security threats. Eventually the proposed method can be applied by accurately identifying the smart factory security status, diagnosing vulnerabilities, establishing appropriate improvement plans, and expanding security strategies to respond to security threats.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

Purpose: Maximizing human comfort in design of medical environments depends immensely on specialized architects particularly critical care design; the study proposes Evidence-Based Design as an apparent analog to Evidence-Based Medicine. Healthcare facility designs are substantially based on the findings of study in an effort to design environments that augment care by improving patient safety and being therapeutic. On SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) t-test is applied to simulate two independent variables of PDR (Pre Design-Research) and POE (Post- Occupancy Evaluation). PDR is conducted on relatively new hospital Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital to analyse visibility from researchers' point of view, here the ICU is arranged in I-Shape. POE is applied on Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital to simulate walking on LogWare where two NS are designed based on L- Shape and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea where five NS are functional for ICU Intensive Care Unit, Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU), Critical Care Unit (CCU), Korean Oriental Medical Care Unit which are mostly arranged in U-Shape, and walking pattern is recognized to be in a zigzag path. Method: T-Test is applied on two dependent communication variables: walkability and visibility, with confidence interval of 95%. This study systematically analyses the Nurse Station (NS) typo-morphology, and simulates nurse horizontal circulation, by computing round route visits to patient's bed, then estimating minimum round route on LogWare stop sequence software. The visual connectivity is measured on depth map graphs. Hence the aim is to reduce staff stress and fatigue for better patients care by minimizing staff horizontal travel time and to facilitate nurse walk path and support space distribution by increasing effectiveness in delivering care. Result: Applying visibility graph and isovist field on space syntax on I- Shape, L- Shape and U- Shape ICU (SICU, MICU and CCU) configuration, I-shape facilitated 20% more patients in linear view as they stir to rise from their beds from nurse station compared to U-shape. In conclusion, it was proved that U-Shape supply minimum walking and maximum visibility; and L shape provides just visibility as the nurse is at pivot. I shape provides panoramic view from the Nurse Station but very rigorous walking.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2011

This study was implemented to select the suitable site for Palustrine Wetland at habitat restoration for Oriental stork, red species and top-level predator in ecosystem. The evaluation items was fitted by review the antecedent studies on the suitable site selection model and evaluation items of wetland. The study sites were setted in $5,884,800m^2$ area including Yesan-gun Dae-ree, in which Oriental stork' park will be located, through DEM(Digital Elevation Model) watershed analysis. The thematic map by valuation items with secure of water resource, soil, topography, distance between roads, houses, etc., land using, wildlife corridor, and type of water resource was prepared using GIS program. The sites with high evaluation score were selected as suitable creation sites for wetland through overlapping those maps. Total 8 sites with over 18 point were selected. The characteristics of selected sites show that the soil are consisted of clay, the connectivity is valued high with surface water, the slope are gentle, and the connectivity is good with surroundings ecosystem. The result of water quality analysis, which was implement to survey available water resources and develop the solution of problem of water environment, showed that water quality at Salmok reservoir and Bogang reservoir is generally good, but the water quality at stagnant water body rising out from groundwater is not good. This study has limit to select the suitable sites of wetland only by analyzing physiotherapy environment in study area. Hereafter, the study is need to examine closely enhancement effects of biological diversity through investigation of biotic environment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.616-623
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine satisfaction with liberal education at H university. In particular, the study is interested in students' and satisfaction with the courses of and , compulsory liberal studies. As a result of analysis, students were most satisfied with 'the percentage of liberal studies credits', being followed by 'the number of students per liberal studies class' and 'the systemicity of curriculum.' The survey also showed that, in and , students were highly satisfied with 'chance for communication with native faculty, improvement of ral expression skills' and 'improvement of orthography and grammar skill and so on. With regard to items whose satisfaction were low, the survey showed that there was the lack of connectivity between liberal studies and employment in 3 categories in common. Therefore, a direction toward enhancement of efficiency in connection with career center and the like was required in addition to establishing, developing and specifying employment category in liberal studies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.41-46
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• 2018

Recently, the importance of the northeast economies including Russia has been growing, and according to the Eurasian initiative policy, the enhancement of transportation, logistics and connectivity between the northeast Asian countries is emerging as one of the challenges for future growth. However, due to the different vehicle systems used in each country, the railway connections between countries are not operating smoothly. Especially, the couplers of the railway cars which pass through the countries of northeast Asia including Russia have different regulations, which render their shape and characteristics incompatible. In this study, we propose a method of interconnecting the AAR type coupler used in Korea and China and the CA-3 type coupler compatible with the Russian GOST standard, and verify that its structural safety conforms with each set of regulations. We analyze the possibilities offered by this method of interconnection by performing tests while developing materials satisfying the mechanical properties required for the freight coupler.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2000

cdma2000 offers several enhancement as compared to TIA/EIA-95, although it remains fully compatible with TIA/EIA-95 systems and allows for a smooth migration from one to the other-Major new capability include:1)connectivity to GSM-MAP in addition to IP and IS-41 networks; 2) new layering with new LAC and MAC architectures for improved service multiplexing and QoS management and efficient use of radio resource ;3) new bands and band widths of operation in support of various operator need and constraints, as well as desire for a smooth and progressive migration to cdma 2000; and 4) flexible channel structure in support of multiple services with various QoS and variable transmission rates at up to 1 Mbps per channel and 2 Mbps per user. Given the phenomenal success of wireless services and desire for higher rate wireless services. improved spectrum efficiency was a major design goal in the elaboration of cdma2000. Major capacity enhancing features include; 1) turbo coding for data transmission: 2)fast forward link power control :3) forward link transmit diversity; 4) support of directive antenna transmission techniques; 5) coherent reverse link structure; and 6) enhanced access channel operation. As users increasingly rely on their cell phone at work and at home for voice and data exchange, the stand-by time and operation-time are essential parameters that can influence customer's satisfaction and service utilization. Another major goal of cdma2000 was therefore to enable manufacturers to further optimize power utilization in the terminal. Major battery life enhancing features include; 1) improved reverse link performance (i.e., reduced transmit power per information bit; 2) new common channel structure and operation ;3) quick paging channel operation; 4) reverse link gated transmission ; and 5) new MAC stated for efficient and ubiquitous idle time idle time operation. this article provides additional details on those enhancements. The intent is not to duplicate the detailed cdma2000 radio access network specification, but rather to provide some background on the new features of cdma2000 and on the qualitative improvements as compared to the TIA/EIA-95 based systems. The article is focused on the physical layer structure and associated procedures. It therefore does not cover the MAC, LAC, radio resource management [1], or any other signaling protocols in any detail. We assume some familiarity with the basic CDMA concepts used in TIA/EIA-95.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38B no.10
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• pp.785-800
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• 2013

In MANET, AODV(Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) has its advantages as on-demand approach but it also has a disadvantage that the control packet overhead is high compared to other routing protocols. This paper improves the problem caused by Hello messages that are broadcasted periodically to detect the local connectivity and maintain neighbor list. Periodic hello messages reduce the Packet delivery ratio and the efficiency in the limited bandwidth. And its increased Control packet overhead leads to decrease the Residual battery capacity and the Network lifetime. Further, non-reactive nature of periodic hello messages in AODV has also been the source of numerous controversies. In order to solve these problems, this paper improves the performance by using the interrupt driven approach which removes periodic hello messages and decreases the Control packet overhead. Performance comparisons between the traditional AODV and proposed mod_AODV done with network simulator QualNet 5.0 show that the mod_AODV performs better in most performance metrics under scenarios with various values of simulation parameters.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

Critical infrastructure has been operating in a closed environment with a completely separate information system and in the private area. However, with the current ICT environment changes due to convergence and open platforms it has increased the threats and risks to critical infrastructure. The importance of cyber security is increasing in the infrastructure control system, such as the outbreak of Ukraine blackout in 2015 by a malicious code called 'black energy'. This thesis aims to recognize the importance and necessity of protecting the critical infrastructure service, designing a security framework reflecting environmental and characteristic changes, and analyzing the management system suitable for a security framework. We also propose a theoretical basis for constructing a new security framework by comparing and analyzing seven international security management system standards, such as NIST 800-82 and IEC 62443-2-1, which are used in the control system. As a result, the environment surrounding critical infrastructure changes with the characteristics of connectivity, openness, and finality was studied, and as a response to this, many scholars and institutions present critical infrastructure security frameworks as cycle enhancement type structures, risk management structures, and management domain expansion structures. In response, the security framework encompassing these structures, CISF (Critical Infrastructure Security Framework), was designed. Additionally, through the security related international standard and criterion analysis, as a newly designed security standard suitable for CISF, IEC 62443-2-1 is reviewed and suggestions are made.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.119-142
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• 2014

This study aims to evaluate the factors which affect the competitiveness of Gwangyang port, and to suggest strategies for the enhancement of its competitiveness by priority. This study inquires both 5 key rating factors: port location, port operations management, port costs, port facilities, and hinterland conditions and the priority of 14 detailed assessments through AHP method. First, the importances of main evaluation items for port competitiveness are analysed in the following orders: port location, port facilities, port costs, port operations, hinterland conditions. Second, the comprehensive importances based on the detailed evaluation properties complex weighting are identified in the following orders: connectivity with hinterland, accessibility of international harbor, incentives, the area of terminal, expertise and skills of port operations personnel, container throughput, and scale berths. Third, the strategies referring to the port location like centrality, transit, and merit on use should be actively conducted for the promotions of Gwangyang port's competitiveness, according to its international port competitiveness analysis. This study will provide both academic and policy implications with its related scholars, government, and research institutions. In addition, this will be contributed to formulating a basic theory for port competitiveness evaluation and providing a basic framework of evaluation analysis.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 2008

Purpose : To investigate the 3-bond and spatial connectivity of human brain metabolites by scalar coupling and dipolar nuclear Overhauser effect/enhancement (NOE) interaction through 2D- correlation spectroscopy (COSY) and 2D- NOE spectroscopy (NOESY) techniques. Materials and Methods : All 2D experiments were performed on Bruker Avance 500 (11.8 T) with the zshield gradient triple resonance cryoprobe at 298 K. Human brain metabolites were prepared with 10% $D_2O$. Two-dimensional spectra with 2048 data points contains 320 free induction decay (FID) averaging. Repetition delay was 2 sec. The Top Spin 2.0 software was used for post-processing. Total 7 metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), lutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), myo-inositol (Ins), and lactate (Lac) were included for major target metabolites. Results : Symmetrical 2D-COSY and 2D-NOESY pectra were successfully acquired: COSY cross peaks were observed in the only 1.0-4.5 ppm, however, NOESY cross peaks were observed in the 1.0-4.5 ppm and 7.9 ppm. From the result of the 2-D COSY data, cross peaks between the methyl protons ($CH_3$(3)) at 1.33 ppm and methine proton (CH(2)) at 4.11 ppm were observed in Lac. Cross peaks between the methylene protons (CH2(3,$H{\alpha}$)) at 2.50ppm and methylene protons ($CH_2$,(3,$H_B$)) at 2.70 ppm were observed in NAA. Cross peaks between the methine proton (CH(5)) at 3.27 ppm and the methine proton (CH(4,6)) at 3.59 ppm, between the methine proton (CH(1,3)) at 3.53 ppm and methine proton (CH(4,6)) at 3.59 ppm, and between the methine proton (CH(1,3)) at 3.53 ppm and methine proton (CH(2)) at 4.05 ppm were observed in Ins. From the result of 2-D NOESY data, cross peaks between the NH proton at 8.00 ppm and methyl protons ($CH_3$) were observed in NAA. Cross peaks between the methyl protons ($CH_3$(3)) at 1.33 ppm and methine proton (CH(2)) at 4.11 ppm were observed in Lac. Cross peaks between the methyl protons (CH3) at 3.03 ppm and methylene protons (CH2) at 3.93 ppm were observed in Cr. Cross peaks between the methylene protons ($CH_2$(3)) at 2.11 ppm and methylene protons ($CH_2$(4)) at 2.35 ppm, and between the methylene protons($CH_2$ (3)) at 2.11 ppm and methine proton (CH(2)) at 3.76 ppm were observed in Glu. Cross peaks between the methylene protons (CH2 (3)) at 2.14 ppm and methine proton (CH(2)) at 3.79 ppm were observed in Gln. Cross peaks between the methine proton (CH(5)) at 3.27 ppm and the methine proton (CH(4,6)) at 3.59 ppm, and between the methine proton (CH(1,3)) at 3.53 ppm and methine proton (CH(2)) at 4.05 ppm were observed in Ins. Conclusion : The present study demonstrated that in vitro 2D-COSY and NOESY represented the 3-bond and spatial connectivity of human brain metabolites by scalar coupling and dipolar NOE interaction. This study could aid in better understanding the interactions between human brain metabolites in vivo 2DCOSY study.