• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.246-255
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of wind damaged trees in the Hongneung Arboretumin Korea. Many trees in the Hongneung Arboretum were damaged by the 'Kompasu', the seventh typhoon in the year of 2010 having strong impacts on the central region of Korea. Damaged trees were divided into 3 damage types: windthrow, slanted and broken trees. Most of damaged trees (97.3%) were found at low slope (below 15 degree) or medium slope (15~20 degree). The 45.3% of damaged trees were coniferous and 54.7% were deciduous trees. The wind speed was recorded for the duration of the typhoon from 04:00 AM to 12:00 PM on September 2. The average wind speed and the maximum instantaneous wind speed inside the forest were 1.4 m/sec and 3.5 m/sec, respectively. The highest peak of the average and the maximum instantaneous wind speed inside of forest, 3.4 m/sec and 8.7 m/sec respectively, were recorded at 06:10 AM on September 2. To analyze relationship between wind characteristics and the damage types, the average wind speed and the frequency of wind wave was compared to those of pre-typhoon period (Feb. 13, Feb. 20, Apr. 21, Oct. 16, 2009 and Mar. 20, 2010). The results indicated that the damaged trees were affected by frequent wind wave rather than the wind speed itself. Also average wind direction inside the forest was analyzed to investigate the impact of wind direction on the damaged trees. The wind had mainly blown from SE and SW, and the maximum instantaneous wind direction was SE direction overall. Most of the damaged trees (84.0%) had fallen down to the NW or NE direction. This result showed that the fallen direction of the damaged trees and wind direction was highly related. Therefore, we found that the frequency of wind wave was the main factor of wind damages during the typhoon 'Kompasu' and wind direction was highly related to the fallen direction.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.135-145
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• 2014

The mountain forest vegetation of Gyebangsan (1,577 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine deciduous forest, plantation forest, and other vegetation which includes Actinidia argute community and agricultural land. As for the number of communities distributed in the each forest vegetation which were categorized by the physiognomy classification, deciduous broad-leaved forest had 33 communities, mountain valley forest 41 communities, coniferous forest 8 communities, subalpine coniferous forest 4 communities, subalpine deciduous forest 2 communities, plantation forest 6 communities and other vegetation 4 communities. Regarding the distribution rate of communities in the vegetation, in the deciduous broad-leaved forest. Quercus mongolica community accounted for 80.226% with $30,909,942.967m^2$, followed by Quercus variabilis community of 2.771% with $1,067,479.335m^2$. 55.463% of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Gyebangsan had Quercus mongolica as a dominant or second dominant species. In the mountain valley forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Juglans mandshurica community accounted for 10.955%. And there were ten mixed communities having Fraxinus rhynchophylla and upper layer at a similar level of coverage, taking up 32.776%. In the coniferous forest, Pinus densiflora and the community living with Pinus densiflora accounted for 100%, showing that the coniferous forest has the community with Pinus densiflora as a dominant species at upper layer. For other vegetation, subalpine coniferous forest had a total of four communities including Abies holophylla - Quercus mongolica community, and accounted for 4.980% of vegetation area of Odaesan National Park. Two communities including Betula ermani - Cornus controversa community were found in the subalpine deciduous forest, taking up 0.006% of total vegetation area of Odaesan National Park. Regarding plantation forest, Larix leptolepis was planted the most with 51.652%, followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica with 38.975%, and Pinus koraiensis with 7.969%. These three species combined accounted for 98.565%. In conclusion, the forest vegetation found in the Gyebangsan of Odaesan National Park has Quercus mongolica as a dominant species at the top layer. A lot of other communities related with this species are expected to be quickly replaced due to vegetation succession and climatic causes. Therefore, Quercus mongolica is expected to become the main species in the deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Juglans mandshurica and Fraxinus mandshurica in the mountain valley forest. Around the border line between deciduous broad-leaved forest and mountain valley forest, highly humid valley area is expected to be quickly taken up by Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica, and the slope area by Quercus mongolica. However, in the subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved trees is expected to increase due to climate warming.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.259-265
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• 2001

This paper describes the species composition of the remnant forest vegetation (Natural Monument No. 65) in the Mok-do island of Ulsan city and its relation to ecological long-term monitoring. Syntaxonomical classification and actual vegetation map were depicted in very fine scale 1:800 for better understanding spatial distribution and vitality of individual trees and communities. A total of 111 species and 13 plant communities occurred on the 19,166 ㎡ area. Evergreen broad-leaved forest of Machilus thunbergii is a representative vegetation type, which covers 37.4% of the island area. Evergreen coniferous forest of Pinus thunbergii covers 18.6% of the island. These two forests occurred at different parts of the island, i.e., the former at the rearward and the later at the frontward of island against marine. 95.7% of trees analysed was determined as critically and absolutely monitored individuals. From a conservation perspective the Mok-do vegetation is extremely vulnerable, which must be long-termly monitored using an assessment of tree vitality and a fine scale map of vegetation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.207-219
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to show the geographical distribution and the temporal variation of the emission amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) emanated from forests at Jeju Island. The total emission amount of BVOCs calculated by using the CORINAIR Methodology is $3612ton\;yr^{-1}$ at Jeju Island. More than half of BVOCs emissions is come from coniferous forest, and 45 per cent from broad leaved forest. The others is attributed to grassland. Of total emission of BVOCs, isoprene accounts for 28 per cent, monoterpene for 32 per cent, and other VOCs for about 40 percent, respectively. It can be shown that $3000{\sim}10000kg\;yr^{-1}$ of BVOCs is emitted at the zone with dense forest from an altitude of 500 m to the top of Mt. Halla, and less than $1500kg\;yr^{-1}$ at the zone an altitude of below 500 meters. The monoterpene emission is more than $1500kg\;yr^{-1}$ due to the existence of a colony of Abies koreana at the place with more than 1500 meters and a community of Pinus thunbergii and Cryptomeria japonica at the elevation of 500~700 m. In the case of isoprene emission, there is $1500{\sim}3000kg\;yr^{-1}$ at the zone of an elevation from 700 m to 1500 m due to dense broad leaved forest and very little of its emission at an elevation of more than 1500 meters because there is hardly broad leaved trees grown. In this study, emission of BVOCs according to the altitude above sea level is estimated under the situation of lack of the data for broad leaved tree. More detailed data and information for the distribution of broad leaved trees are needed in order to calculate more realistic BVOC emission.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

In order to investigate the composition ratio and the emission rate of monoterpenes emitted from coniferous trees during summer, the enclosure chamber experiments were carried out for two tree species (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida). The major monoterpenes from the pine trees were $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-pinene, myrcene and $\beta$-phellandrene. There was no difference of the composition ratio between two sites for P. densiflora, but the difference was observed for P. rigida. Clearly, the ratio of $\beta$-pinene (26.1 %) for P. rigida was higher than that of $\beta$-phellandrene (12%) at the Gumsung mountain site, but the ratio of $\beta$-phellandrene (22.2%) was higher than that of $\beta$-pinene (9.9%) at the Chiri mountain site. Particularly, the composition ratio of $\beta$-phellandrene was higher than that of $\beta$-pinene for P. densiflora, and the opposite trend was found for P. rigida at the Gumsung mountain site. The characteristics of the composition ratio between two species were similar at the Chiri mountain site. As a result of the emission rate measurements, it was observed that both sites did not show any significant $\beta$ value (slope between emission rate and temperature) and ERs (Standard Emission rate at 3$0^{\circ}C$) difference. However, the $\beta$ value and ERs at the Chiri mountain site were slightly greater than those of Gumsung mountain site for both pine species. P. densiflora (1.703 and 1.971 $\mu\textrm{g}$C/gdw/hr) showed the higher monoterpene ERs than those of P. rigida (0.572 and 0.698 $\mu\textrm{g}$C/gdw/hr) at both sites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2007

Airborne Lidar (light detection and ranging) can be an effective alternative in forest inventory to overcome the limitations of conventional field survey and aerial photo interpretation. In this study, we attempt to develop methodologies to identify individual trees and to estimate tree height from airborne Lidar data. Initially, digital elevation model (DEM) data representing the exact ground surface were generated by removing non-ground returns from the multiple-return laser point clouds, obtained over the coniferous forest site of rugged terrain. Based on the canopy height model (CHM) data representing non-ground layer, individual tree heights are extracted through pseudo-grid method and moving window filtering algorithm. Comparing with field survey data and aerial photo interpretation on sample plots, the number of trees extracted from Lidar data show over 90% accuracy and tree heights were underestimated within 1.1m in average at two plantation stands of pine (Pinus koraiensis) and larch (Larix leptolepis).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2021

We developed smartphone application and web application server to acquire and effectively manage tree measurement information. Smartphone applications can measure tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), azimuth, altitude, slope, and positional coordinates using augmented reality (Google AR core) and motion sensors. The web application server effectively manages and stores measurement information. To evaluate the accuracy of information acquired using a smartphone, 90 Korean pine trees (Pinus koraiensis) were randomly selected from a natural mixed forest, with a total of 90 representative trees randomly collected from a natural mixed forest. Then, height and DBH were measured using a Haglof Vertex Laser Hypsometer and caliper. Comparisons of the results indicated significant results at the 95% level and a very high average correlation of 0.972 for both tree height and DBH. In terms of DBH, the average errors were 0.6745 cm and 1.0139 cm for artificial coniferous and natural mixed forests, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.3
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• pp.372-381
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• 2024

This study was performed to analyze adequate stand density management criteria for commercial forests of the major coniferous species, Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis, and Larix kaempferi in South Korea. Relative density (RD) was applied to analyze occurrence of mortality, mean DBH growth, and height-diameter (HD) ratio. The results showed that when RD was 0.7 or higher, the average number of mortality in all three species increased to 15-24 trees/ha, with mortality rates ranging from 20.0%-35.4%. As RD increased, mean DBH growth decreased 0.2-0.5 cm/year by species, but the HD ratio increased 46.9%-71.4%. Consequently, if adequate stand density management criteria are selected with RD 0.7 for P. densiflora and L. kaempferi and RD 0.8 for P. koraiensis, it is considered to increase high-quality timber production with lower mortality and increased growth.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.86-113
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• 2014

This study has researched the characteristics and elements of Chwibyeong (翠屛), a sort of trellis in the Joseon Dynasty through the old documents, and the original form of Chwibyeong at Juhapru (宙合樓) in Changdeuk Palace. The results were as follow. First, as the result of literatures analysis for Imwon-gyeongje-ji (林園經濟志) and Jeungbo-sallim-gyeongje (增補山林經濟), the plant screen was classified as kinds of support[frame] material, plants and methods of planting. It was found that the supports of Chwibyeong were made of bamboo or the material such as the Jinjangmok (眞長木: a stick of oak) and Giryu (杞柳: Salix purpurea var. japonica). The evergreen coniferous trees including Pinus densiflora, Taxus cuspidata and Thuja orientalis were mainly used for the plant material of Chwibyeong. The general planting method of Chwibyeong was to plant on the ground, but sometimes the container planting was also found on the artificial ground. Second, the term of 'Chwibyeong' in the literatures was used in only the screen made by evergreen trees, and the superordinate category term of it was indicated by 'byeong (屛)'. Therefore Chwibyeong was a compound word formed from 'chwi (翠)' which means the characteristics of evergreen and 'byeong' as tree screen which the support was made by bamboo. And Chwibyeong had semantic context which was combined with the literary symbolization to describe a landscape of green peak and Taoist ideology be inherent from 'twelve peaks of Musan[巫山十二峰]' in Sichuan sheng (四川省). Thirdly, the photograph of Chwibyeong at Juhapru taken by the 1880s, showed that Chwibyeong was made with coniferous trees and was almost 2 meters high. The Chwibyeong at Juhapru was removed during the Japanese colonial era, but a few yew trees(Taxus cuspidata) used for Chwibyeong are still remaining. And some Juniperus chinensis which the composition time is unclear, were cultivated while hung loose its branchs at the sides of Eosumun (魚水門). This Junipers were presumed to be planted by Japanese after Japanese annexation of Korea(1910), and it was judged that both of the roofs of Eosumun's side gates might have been transformed into Japanese style at the same time. Lastly, Chwibyeong at Juhapru was restored in 2008 but it was restored in wrong way from original form without precise research. Especially Chwibyeong was restored with Sasa boreralis which is damaged by frost, so it requires exertion that should revive the originals to plant original material as much as possible. And it needs the development of fabrication technique for Chwibyeong and the application to current landscape architecture.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2003

The main purpose of this study is to obtain forest scenic beauty management informations toward forest working systems in pinus densiflora forest stands, etc. To get these information, visual preference and spatial image analysis methods are used. 25 different alternatives were simulated to visualize on basis of actual forest working methods with taken photos from May to July, 2003. The options were illustrated as photos produced by computer software. Respondents' ratings for 25 landscape scenes were obtained by interview survey method. Each alternatives were evaluated by forest major student group with total 103 respondents after reliability test. Visual preference evaluation was used 10 point rating scale. Spatial images of 12 alternatives were measured by 12 semantic differential scale. In general, the respondents preferred refreshing and ordering forest stand after forest working to natural forest stand before forest working. High visual preference for forest density produces 400-600 trees/ha in small diameter class forest stands. Regarding visual preference according to pavement type of trail, soil trail is ranked high. Visual preference for cutting area ranks mature forest stand and visual preference for trail slope cover type ranks shrub with grass as relatively high on the preference scale. Through the factor analysis, spatial images of 12 coniferous forest stands are classified as 'ordered opened' and 'beautiful healthy'. Results indicate how to conduct forest working systems for forest scenic beauty management.