• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.491-497
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the influence of abutment materials on the stability of the implant-abutment joint in internal conical connection type implant systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Internal conical connection type implants, cement-retained abutments, and tungsten carbide-coated abutment screws were used. The abutments were fabricated with commercially pure grade 3 titanium (group T3), commercially pure grade 4 titanium (group T4), or Ti-6Al-4V (group TA) (n=5, each). In order to assess the amount of settlement after abutment fixation, a 30-Ncm tightening torque was applied, then the change in length before and after tightening the abutment screw was measured, and the preload exerted was recorded. The compressive bending strength was measured under the ISO14801 conditions. In order to determine whether there were significant changes in settlement, preload, and compressive bending strength before and after abutment fixation depending on abutment materials, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test was performed. RESULTS. Group TA exhibited the smallest mean change in the combined length of the implant and abutment before and after fixation, and no difference was observed between groups T3 and T4 (P>.05). Group TA exhibited the highest preload and compressive bending strength values, followed by T4, then T3 (P<.001). CONCLUSION. The abutment material can influence the stability of the interface in internal conical connection type implant systems. The strength of the abutment material was inversely correlated with settlement, and positively correlated with compressive bending strength. Preload was inversely proportional to the frictional coefficient of the abutment material.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제44권11호통권450호
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• pp.739-747
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• 2006

Objectives. The standardization of connection between fixture and abutment has not been defined. The success of dental implants was not always depends on connection. However, the connection mechanism is one of the most important things for dental implant treatment success. Most implant systems are very comparable in their design and engineering. They share many common characteristics and have similar strengths and weaknesses. Their significant weaknesses are connection, microgap and the resulting micromovement allowing bacterial contamination and bone loss. In the present study, we investigated the clinical performance of Ankylos implant (conical connection implant) Patients and Methods. The clinical performance of conical connection implant was studied under well-controlled clinical conditions. A total of 133 conical connection implants were placed in 50 patients from April 2005 to March 2006. The mean follow-up loading period of implants which was considered successful was 220$\pm$29 days. We recorded the age, sex, installation site, reason of edentulous region, bone density of installation site, diameter and length of dental implants and periods from installation to uncovering surgery using patients medical chart. Results Four Ankylos implants were lost during pre-loading period. 129 implants provided excellent clinical performance during 220$\pm$29 days on an average. The short-term success rate of this conical connection implant system was 96.99%.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2003

Treatment with implants of single tooth missing cases is both functional and esthetic. Although the success rate of single-tooth implant treatments is increasing, sometimes it makes some problems. Problems with single-tooth implant treatments include soft tissue complications, abutment screw fracture, and most commonly, abutment screw loosening, and these involve the instability of the dental implant-superstructure interface. This study investigated and compared dental implant screw joint micromotion of various implant system with external connection or internal connection when tested under simulated clinical loading, Six groups (N=5) were assessed: (1) Branemark AurAdapt (Nobel Biocare, Goteborg, Sweden), (2) Branemark EsthetiCone (Nobel Biocare, Goteborg, Sweden), (3) Neoplant Conical (Neobiotec, Korea), (4) Neoplant UCLA (Neobiotec, Korea), (5) Neoplant 5.5mm Solid (Neobiotec, Korea), and (6) ITI SynOcta (Institute Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland). Six identical frameworks were fabricated. Abutment screws were tightened to 32-35 Ncm and occlusal screw were tightened to 15-20 Ncm with an electronic torque controller. A mechanical testing machine applied a compressive cyclic load of 20kg at 10Hz to a contact point on each implant crown. Strain gauge recorded the micromotion of the screw joint interface once a second. Data were selected at 1, 500, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 50,000 cycle and 2-way ANOVA test was performed to assess the statistical significance. The results of this study were as follows; The micromotion of the implant-superstructure in the interface increased gradually through 50,000 cycles for all implant systems. In the case of the micromotion according to cycle increase, Neoplant Conical and Neoplant UCLA system exhibited significantly increasing micromotion at the implant-superstructure interface (p<0.05), but others not significant. In the case of the micromotion of the implant-superstructure interface at 50,000 cycle, the largest micromotion were recorded in the Branemark EsthetiCone, sequently followed by Neoplant Conical, Neoplant UCLA, Branemark AurAdapt, ITI SynOcta and Neplant Solid. Internal connection system showed smaller micromotion than external connection system. Specially, Neoplant Solid with internal connection system exhibited significantly smaller micromotion than other implant systems except ITI SynOcta with same internal connection system (p<0.05). In the case of external connection, Branemark EsthetiCone and Neoplant Conical system with abutment showed significantly larger micromotion than Branemark AurAdapt without abutment (p<0.05).

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2021

PURPOSE. The success of an implant-prosthetic rehabilitation is influenced by good implant health and an excellent implant-prosthetic coupling. The stability of implant-prosthetic connection is influenced by the rotational tolerance between anti-rotational features on the implant and those on the prosthetic component. The aim of this study is to investigate the rotational tolerance of a conical connection implant system and its titanium abutment counterpart, in various conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS. 10 preparable titanium abutments, having zero-degree angulation (MegaGen, Daegu, Korea) with an internal 5-degree conical connection, and 10 implants (MegaGen, Daegu, Korea) were used. Rotational tolerance between the connection of implant and titanium abutments was measured through the use of a tridimensional optics measuring system (Quick Scope QS250Z, Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan) in the as-received condition (Time 0), after securing with a titanium screw tightening at 35 Ncm (Time 1), after tightening 4 times at 35 Ncm (Time 2), after tightening one more time at 45 Ncm (Time 3), and after tightening another 4 times at 45 Ncm (Time 4). RESULTS. The group "Time 0" had the lowest values of rotational freedom (0.22 ± 0.76 degrees), followed by the group Time 1 (0.46 ± 0.83 degrees), the group Time 2 (1.01 ± 0.20 degrees), the group Time 3 (1.30 ± 0.85 degrees), and the group Time 4 (1.49 ± 0.17 degrees). CONCLUSION. The rotational tolerance of a conical connection is low in the "as received" condition but increases with repetitive tightening and with application of a torque greater than 35 Ncm.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2008

이 연구의 목적은 원추형 내측 연결 임플랜트 시스템에서 하중조건에 따른 지대주의 침하 및 적합도를 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 내부 원추형 연결방식의 Alloden implant system (Nei Corp. Korea)의 고정체와 2종류(conventional, FDI)의 지대주를 사용하였다. 임상에서 Alloden 임플랜트는 지대주와 고정체 연결시 처음에 손으로 지긋이 눌러 고정시킨 후 mallet을 이용하여 약 3회정도 타격을 가하여 고정한다. 이때 타격시의 정확한 힘을 측정하여 각 실험군에 적용시켰다. 적용 횟수는 손가락으로 누르는 힘을 1회, mallet으로 타격하는 힘을 3회, 저작력으로 가정한 20kg의 힘을 지대주의 침하가 생기지 않을때까지 각각의 표본에 적용하였다. 그 후 각 단계에 대한 지대주의 침하량을 Vernier caliper를 이용하여 측정하였다. 임플랜트는 불포화 폴리에스터(Epovia, Cray Valley Inc. Korea)에 매몰하여 중합시켰고 모든 표본을 절삭한 후 연마하여 주사전자현미경을 통하여 분석, 평가하였다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the loading distributing characteristics of implant prosthesis of internal connection system(ITI system) according to position and direction of load, under vertical and inclined loading using finite element analysis (FEA). The finite element model of a synOcta implant and a solid abutment with $8^{\circ}$ internal conical joint used by the ITI implant was constructed. The gold crown for mandibular first molar was made on solid abutment. Each three-dimensional finite element model was created with the physical properties of the implant and surrounding bone. This study simulated loads of 200N at the central fossa in a vertical direction (loading condition A), 200N at the outside point of the central fossa with resin filling into screw hole in a vertical direction (loading condition B), 200N at the centric cusp in a $15^{\circ}$ inward oblique direction (loading condition C), 200N at the in a $30^{\circ}$ inward oblique direction (loading condition D) or 200N at the centric cusp in a $30^{\circ}$ outward oblique direction (loading condition E) individually. Von Mises stresses were recorded and compared in the supporting bone, fixture, and abutment. The following results have been made based on this study: 1. Stresses were concentrated mainly at the ridge crest around implant under both vertical and oblique loading but stresses in the cancellous bone were low under both vertical and oblique loading. 2. Bending moments resulting from non-axial loading of dental implants caused stress concentrations on cortical bone. The magnitude of the stress was greater with the oblique loading than with the vertical loading. 3. An offset of the vertical occlusal force in the buccolingual direction relative to the implant axis gave rise to increased bending of the implant. So, the relative positions of the resultant line of force from occlusal contact and the center of rotation seems to be more important. 4. In this internal conical joint, vertical and oblique loads were resisted mainly by the implant-abutment joint at the screw level and by the implant collar. Conclusively, It seems to be more important that how long the distance is from center of rotation of the implant itself to the resultant line of force from occlusal contact (leverage). In a morse taper implant, vertical and oblique loads are resisted mainly by the implant-abutment joint at the screw level and by the implant collar. This type of implant-abutment connection can also distribute forces deeper within the implant and shield the retention screw from excessive loading. Lateral forces are transmitted directly to the walls of the implant and the implant abutment mating bevels, providing greater resistance to interface opening.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.158-161
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• 2012

PURPOSE. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if a smaller morse taper abutment has a negative effect on the fracture resistance of implant-abutment connections under oblique compressive loads compared to a conventional abutment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty morse taper conventional abutments (4.8 mm diameter) and smaller abutments (3.8 mm diameter) were tightened (20 Ncm) to their respective implants ($3.5{\times}11$ mm) and after a 10 minute interval, implant/abutment assemblies were subjected to static compressive test, performed in a universal test machine with 1 mm/min displacement, at $45^{\circ}$ inclination. The maximum deformation force was determined. Data were statistically analyzed by student t test. RESULTS. Maximum deformation force of 4.8 mm and 3.8 mm abutments was approximately 95.33 kgf and 95.25 kgf, respectively, but no fractures were noted after mechanical test. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the evaluated abutments were statistically similar (P=.230). CONCLUSION. Abutment measuring 3.8 mm in diameter (reduced) presented mechanical properties similar to 4.8 mm (conventional) abutments, enabling its clinical use as indicated.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.269-281
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• 2008

골유착성 임플란트 보철물에서 피로나 과하중에 의해 보철유지 나사나 지대주 나사의 파절, 보철물의 파절, 또는 고정체의 파절 등과 같은 기계적 강도와 연관된 문제점이 발생할 가능성이 높다. 임플란트 시스템의 기계적인 강도에 영향을 주는 요소에는 고정체와 나사의 직경, 재료적 특성, 연결부 디자인, 지대주 디자인 등이 있으며, 이 중 임플란트 고정체와 지대주간의 연결부 디자인은 임플란트 시스템의 기계적인 연결상태와 연결부 안정성을 결정하는 주요소이다. 대부분의 기계적 강도에 관한 연구에서처럼 단일하중에 의한 압축굽힘강도나, 단기적인 반복하중 후의 결과만을 평가하여 임플란트 시스템의 장기적인 안정성을 예측하기에는 한계가 있다. 연구 목적: 이에 본 연구에서는 external butt joint와 internal conical joint를 갖는 임플란트 시스템(오스템사)의 연결부 디자인에서 각각 다른 두 가지 지대주를 사용하여, 연결부 및 지대주 디자인이 기계적 강도에 미치는 영향을 압축굽힘강도는 물론 내구성한계를 측정하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: External butt joint인 US II에서는 통상적인 UCLA 지대주 형태의 Cemented abutment(BJT)와 굽힘 저항성을 증가시키기 위해 나사 두부가 지대주 상단에 위치하도록 설계된 Safe abutment(BJS)를, internal conical joint인 SS II에서는 one-piece형의 Solid abutment(CJO)와 two-piece형의 ComOcta abutment(CJT)를 지대주로 사용하였다. ISO 규정을 참고하여 단일 임플란트, 변연골 흡수, 그리고 $30^{\circ}$ 경사하중 조건에서 압축굽힘강도와 내구성한계를 측정하였고 실패 양상을 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 결과 및 결론: 1. 압축굽힘강도는 BJS군(1392.0N), CJO군(1261.8N), BJT군(1153.2N), 그리고 CJT군(1110.2N) 순으로 낮아졌으며(P<.05), CJT군과 BJT군 사이에는 차이가 없었다(P>.05) 2. 내구성한계는 CJO군(600N), CJT군(453N), BJS군(360N) 그리고 BJT군(300N) 순으로 낮아졌다. 3. 압축굽힘강도는 연결부 디자인 또는 지대주 디자인에 따라 차이를 보였으며, 내구성한계에 있어서는 연결부 디자인이 더 주된 요소로 작용하였다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2020

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 내부연결 원추형 임플란트의 육각구조 유무가 임플란트 지대주 장축변위와 임플란트 지대주 나사의 풀림토크에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 내부연결 원추형 임플란트를 육각구조를 가진 지대주 그룹(HEX)과 육각구조를 갖지 않는 지대주 그룹(CON)으로 나누고 각 그룹 당 10쌍의 시편을 체결하였다. 지대주 나사를 30 Ncm 조임회전력을 가하여 체결한 뒤 장축변위 및 풀림토크값을 측정하고 250 N 수직적 반복하중을 100,000회 가한 뒤 장축변위 및 풀림토크값을 측정하였다. 각 단계마다 디지털 마이크로미터를 이용하여 임플란트 직경과 수직적 높이를 측정하였고 전자 토크게이지를 이용하여 풀림토크값을 측정하였다. 각 군간의 값의 유의차를 확인하기 위하여 독립 표본 T 검정을 이용하여 통계분석하였다(α = 0.05). 결과: HEX 군은 조임회전력을 가한 뒤 유의하게 높은 장축변위를 나타내였다(P < 0.05). HEX 군과 CON 군은 수직적 반복하중 후 장축변위에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P = 0.052). HEX 군과 CON 군은 수직적 반복하중 전, 후 풀림토크값 모두 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P = 0.057 and P = 0.138). 모든 그룹에서 반복하중 후 풀림토크값 상실율이 증가하였다(P < 0.05). 결론: 내부연결 원추형 임플란트에서 육각구조를 가진 경우 장축 변위가 더 컸으며, 그 외의 연결부 안정성은 유사하였다. 모든 그룹에서 반복하중 후 풀림토크값 상실율이 증가하였다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

PURPOSE. Limited data is available regarding the differences for possible microleakage problems and fitting accuracy of zirconia versus titanium abutments with various connection designs. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of connection design and abutment material on the sealing capability and fitting accuracy of abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 42 abutments with different connection designs [internal conical (IC), internal tri-channel (IT), and external hexagonal (EH)] and abutment materials [titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr)] were evaluated. The inner parts of implants were inoculated with $0.7{\mu}L$ of polymicrobial culture (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola and F. nucleatum) and connected with their respective abutments under sterile conditions. The penetration of bacteria into the surrounding media was assessed by the visual evaluation of turbidity at each time point and the number of colony forming units (CFUs) was counted. The marginal gap at the implant- abutment interface (IAI) was measured by scanning electron microscope. The data sets were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney U tests with the Bonferroni-Holm correction (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. Statistically significant difference was found among the groups based on the results of leaked colonies (P<.05). The EH-Ti group characterized by an external hexagonal connection were less resistant to bacterial leakage than the groups EH-Zr, IT-Zr, IT-Ti, IC-Zr, and IC-Ti (P<.05). The marginal misfit (in ${\mu}m$) of the groups were in the range of 2.7-4.0 (IC-Zr), 1.8-5.3 (IC-Ti), 6.5-17.1 (IT-Zr), 5.4-12.0 (IT-Ti), 16.8-22.7 (EH-Zr), and 10.3-15.4 (EH-Ti). CONCLUSION. The sealing capability and marginal fit of abutments were affected by the type of abutment material and connection design.