• Strategy21
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• s.39
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• pp.5-46
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• 2016

North Korea's 4th nuclear test on Jan. 6 and following developments once again awakened the world into seriousness of the nuclear matters on the Korean peninsula. On March 2, UNSC adopted Resolution 2270 which is complemented by Seoul government's measures such as withdrawal from the Gaesung Industrial Complex (Feb. 9) and announcement of unilateral sanction (March 8). Seoul government also strongly urged the international community to strangle North Korea's 'financial resources.' The U.S., Japan, China, and other countries have issued unilateral sanctions to complement the UNSC measure. South Korea and the U.S. conducted their annual joint military drill (Resolve-Foal Eagle) in the largest-ever scale. North Korea, however, responded with demonstration of its nuclear capabilities and announcement of de facto 'nuclear-first' politics. North Korea test-fired a variety of delivery vehicles, threatened nuclear strikes against South Korea and the U.S., and declared itself as an 'invincible nuclear power armed with hydrogen bombs' at the 7th Workers 'Party Congress held in May, 2016. Considering the circumstantial evidences, the North's 4th nuclear test may have been a successful boosted fission bomb test. North Korea, and, if allowed to go on with its nuclear programs, will become a nuclear power armed with more than 50 nuclear weapons including hydrogen bombs. The North is already conducting nuclear blackmail strategy towards South Korea, and must be developing 'nuclear use' strategies. Accordingly, the most pressing challenge for the international community is to bring the North to 'real dialogue for denuclearization through powerful and consistent sanctions. Of course, China's cooperation is the key to success. In this situation, South Korea has urgent challenges on diplomacy and security fronts. A diplomatic challenge is how to lead China, which had shown dual attitudes between 'pressure and connivance' towards the North's nuclear matters pursuant to its military relations with the U.S, to participate in the sanctions consistently. A military one is how to offset the 'nuclear shadow effects' engendered by the North's nuclear blackmail and prevent its purposeful and non-purposeful use of nuclear weapons. Though South Korea's Ministry of Defense is currently spending a large portion of defense finance on preemption (kill-chain) and missile defense, they pose 'high cost and low efficiency' problems. For a 'low cost and high efficiency' of deterrence, South Korea needs to switch to a 'retaliation-centered' deterrence strategy. Though South Korea's response to the North's nuclear threat can theoretically be boiled down into dialogue, sanction and deterrence, now is the time to concentrate on strong sanction and determined deterrence since they are an inevitable mandatory course to destroy the North' nuclear-first delusion and bring it to a 'real denuclearization dialogue.'

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2007.06c
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• pp.153-158
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• 2007

사용자들의 특성에 맞게 개인화되고 세분화된 위치 기반 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 방대한 이동 객체의 위치 이력 데이터 집합으로부터 유용한 패턴을 추출하여 의미 있는 지식을 탐사하기 위한 시공간 패턴 탐사가 필요하다. 현재까지 다양한 패턴 탐사 기법들이 제안되었으나 이동 패턴들 중 단순히 시공간 제약이 없는 빈발 패턴만을 추출하기 때문에 한정된 시간 범위와 제한적인 영역 범위 내에서의 빈발 패턴을 탐사하는 문제에는 적용하기 어렵다. 또한 패턴 탐사 수행 시 데이터베이스를 반복 스캔하여 탐사 수행시간이 많이 소요되는 문제를 포함하거나 메모리상에 탐사 대상인 후보 패턴 트리를 생성하는 방법을 통해 탐사 시간을 줄일 수는 있으나 이동 객체 수나 최소지지도 등에 따라 트리를 구성하고 유지하는데 드는 비용이 커질 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 효율적인 패턴 탐사 기법의 개발이 요구됨으로써 선행 작업으로 본 논문에서는 상세 수준의 객체 이력 데이터들의 시간 및 공간 속성을 의미 있는 시간영역과 공간영역 정보로 변환하는 시공간 데이터 일반화 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 공간 개념 계층에 대한 영역 정보들을 영역 Grid 해쉬 테이블(AGHT:Area Grid Hash Table)로 생성하여 공간 인덱스트리인 R*-Tree의 검색 방법을 이용해 이동 객체의 위치 속성을 2차원 공간영역으로 일반화하고, 시간 개념 계층을 생성하여 이동 객체의 시간적인 속성을 시간 영역으로 일반화함으로써 일반화된 데이터 집합을 형성하여 효율적인 이동 객체의 시간 패턴 마이닝을 유도할 수 있다.의 성능을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.onium sulfate첨가배지(添加培地)에서 가장 저조(低調)하였다. vitamin중(中)에서는 niacin과 thiamine첨가배지(添加培地)에서 근소(僅少)한 증가(增加)를 나타내었다.소시켜 항이뇨 및 Na 배설 감소를 초래하는 작용과, 둘째는 신경 경로를 통하지 않고, 아마도 humoral factor를 통하여 신세뇨관에서 Na 재흡수를 억제하는 작용이 복합적으로 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다.으로 초래되는 복합적인 기전으로 추정되었다., 소형과와 기형과는 S-3에서 많이 나왔다. 이상 연구결과에서 입도분포가 1.2-5mm인 것이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다.omopolysaccharides로 확인되었다. EPS 생성량이 가장 좋은 Leu. kimchii GJ2의 평균 분자량은 360,606 Da이었으며, 나머지 두 균주에 대해서는 생성 EPS 형태와 점도의 차이로 미루어 보아 생성 EPS의 분자구조와 분자량이 서로 다른 것으로 판단하였다.TEX>개로 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70)과 neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)에 대한 면역조직화학검사에서 실험군 Cs2군의 신경세포가 대조군 12군에 비해 HSP70과 nNOS의 과발현을 보였으며, 이는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). nNOS와 HSP70의 발현은 강한 연관성을 보였고(상관계수 0.91, p=0.000), nNOS를 발현하는 세포가 동시에 HSP70도 발현함을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 우리는

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.427-444
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• 2008

The most important bases of maritime laws in China are laws enacted by Constitution, a legislative institution of National People's Congress and Legislation of NPC Standing Committee. However, in reality, the institution, which become the basis of Chinese marine policy and leads overall maritime affairs, is a State Council of the Chinese central government and many objects of our researches on Chinese marine policy and laws are composed centering on this administration law. Therefore, in understanding Chinese maritime laws, it becomes an important prerequisite to understand relevant laws (statutes), administration law, statutes of local province, mutual authority relationships of these legislative institutions, and interpretation authority regarding laws (statutes). In May 2003, Chinese State Council ratified and declared ${\ll}$Guideline of the national maritime economic development plan${\gg}$ and this is the first macroinstructive document enacted by the Chinese government for promoting maritime economy in integration development. This plan guideline shows very well a new policy and deployment direction of maritime policy in China. China is already striving to lead its maintenance stage of domestic legislation into a new stage under the UN maritime laws agreement system and this is an expression of intention to take national policy regarding the ocean as a new milestone for the national economy through concurrent developments in various fields such as national territory, economy, science technology, national defense, and maritime biology. In this point, Chinese maritime policy and maritime legislation provide lots of indexes of lessons in many parts. In particular, regarding Korea, which has to solve many issues with China in Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and Balhae, we have to realize that we can maximize national interest only with a systematic approach to research on changes of domestic policies and maritime legislation within China. In addition, in understanding Chinese maritime related laws, we have to realize it is an important task to not only understand legislative subjects for mutual creation of order within the entire frame of law orders of China but also to predict and react to direction of policy of Chinese domestic legislation through dynamics of these subjects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.271-284
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• 2016

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of CBT for perinatal depression through systematic literature review and meta-analysis. The following databases were used to search the literature: CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, Koreamed, Library of Korean Congress, KISS, and Korean Academic Publication Database. Keywords included 'perinatal depression,' 'pregnant women,' and 'cognitive behavioral therapy,' and the evaluated articles were published up to May 2016. Using the R program, the effect size of perinatal depression and anxiety were calculated by random-effects model. The heterogeneity of the effect size was analyzed by data moderator analysis using the meta-ANOVA. Furthermore, the funnel plot, Egger's regression test, fail-safe N, trim-and-fill test, and publication bias analysis were conducted and used to verify the results. Out of the 180 selected articles, 16 clinical trial studies were meta-analyzed. Each articles were evaluated for the risk of bias by the checklist of SIGN; the overall risk of bias was low. The effect size of CBT for perinatal depression was Hedges' g=-0.55 (95% CI: -0.76~-0.33), which was a moderate level, while for anxiety reduction, Hedges' g=-0.20 (95% CI: -0.48~-0.08) and it was not statistically significant. Heterogeneity or risk of publication bias were low. This meta-analytic study found that CBT is moderately effective in reducing perinatal depression in pregnant women.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.23-42
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• 2013

Congress enacted the sex offender registration and notification act in order to prevent sexual offenses and protect public safety in the U.S.. Namely, in 2006, the Jacob Wetterling Act and Megan's Law were integrated into the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act as a comprehensive sex offender supervision and management scheme. The AWA aims to eliminate loopholes and gaps formed by inconsistent state laws and statutes as well as to provide the federal standards for sex offender registration and notification. However, the AWA contains over-inclusive sex offender registration requirements and punishments. For this reason, the implementation of the AWA may cause problems for states, sex offenders, and citizens, both as taxpayers and as beneficiaries of the AWA. Therefore, the AWA that does not differentiate between violent and non-violent offenders should be reformed to allow law enforcement officials to focus on sex offenders convicted of violent and heinous crimes. That is, the AWA should not apply to sex offenders who are not dangerous, not likely to recidivate, and who committed non-violent crimes. In addition, because the AWA requires juvenile offenders to registrate on public notification forums, it may result in a greater risk to community safety and potential risk of reoffense. Accordingly, juvenile offenders convicted of non-violent sex offenses and not likely to recidivate will be provided appropriate treatments to be rehabilitated as members of community.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.203-230
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• 2010

This study analyzed the development and growth of folksonomy by examining tags associated with 40 bestsellers on LibraryThing.com in 6-month intervals. It was found that tag values do not decrease but grow in terms of quantity and quality. Accordingly, we examined the major significances of the tags and their potential utilization as an expression of subjects. Our findings were as follows. First, the motivations for tagging can be categorized into personal information for search purposes, self-fulfillment such as sense of achievement, display of emotion and sharing of one's experience with others, or an altruistic objective that emphasizes sociality with a desire that one's actions might provide social benefits. According to our analysis, 74.12% of tags had a social motivation. Second, the total number of tags and the frequency of usage increased with time. Third, the categories that showed a high increase in tag usage were dates of publication and reading, key words, main characters, and book reviews. Tags related to subjects had the highest ratio. Fourth, among Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), multiple genres, key words and main characters were assigned to books, and specific key words and other properties were added as time progressed. There was also a slight increase in the number of tags consistent with LCSH. Fifth, we found that key tags could serve as a compilation of terms that reflects the knowledge base of the corresponding era. Thus, folksonomy should be continuously monitored for its quantitative and qualitative development of the tags to make improvements on its formative disadvantages, and identify internal semantic significance, be actively utilized in conjunction with taxonomy as a flexible compilation of terms that incorporate the history of a specific era.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2006

The domestic standards which used the standards of Road Association of Japan standards presents the distances of between jet-fans by the caliber of jet-fan. However, the Permanent International Association of Road Congress (PIARC) encourages it to be ten times a diameter of the tunnel. The distance of jet-fans installed in bases of two standards differs as much as two times, as so the proper basis after analysis of internal air current is needed since such difference can lead to disadvantage for selection of ventilation configuration. Based on Froude modeling theory, 1/40 scale acrylic model of a tunnel (215mm in diameter and 6.9m in length) and jet-fan (26.3mm and 31.6mm in caliber) was made for the measurement of changes in pressure and velocity due to the extension of tunnel for analysis of internal air current. And we measured the changes in pressure of surroundings of a jet-fan for confirmation of recirculation due to the exterior airs when the jet-fan is on. The results of the model test show that internal air current was not influenced by the caliber of jet-fan and its changes in pressure and velocity were stable in the point where it was nine times of diameter of the tunnel. Also the recirculation when the jet-fan is on could be verified. According to such results, in the cases of installing jet-fan in tunnels, the distances between jet-fans needs to be more than nine times the diameter.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.127-146
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• 2007

From 1876 to 1883, British mathematician James Joseph Sylvester worked as the founding head of Mathematics Department at the Johns Hopkins University which has been known as America's first school of mathematical research. Sylvester established the American Journal of Mathematics, the first sustained mathematics research journal in the United States. It is natural that we think this is the most exciting and important period in American mathematics. But we found out that the International Congress of Mathematicians held at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, August 21-26, 1893 was the real turning point in American's dedication to mathematical research. The University of Chicago was founded in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and John D. Rockefeller. The founding head of mathematics department Eliakim Hastings Moore was the one who produced many excellent American mathematics Ph.D's in early stage. Many of Moore's students contributed to build up real American mathematics research power in early 20 century The University also has a well-deserved reputation as the "teacher of teachers". Beginning with Sylvester, we analyze what E.H. Moore had done as a teacher and a head of the new department that produced many mathematical talents such as L.E. Dickson(1896), H. Slaught(1898), O. Veblen(1903), R.L. Moore(1905), G.D. Birkhoff(1907), T.H. Hilderbrants(1910), E.W. Chittenden(1912) who made the history of American mathematics. In this article, we study how Moore's vision, new system and new way of teaching influenced American mathematical society at early stage of the top class mathematical research. and the meaning that early University of Chicago case gave.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2165-2168
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• 2014

Background: Today, survival rate of patients with chronic renal failure/hemodialysis has increased so that chronic illnesses are more likely to occur. Cancer is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in such patients. Aim: In this study, physician attitudes were examined about cancer screening in patients with renal failure. Materials and Methods: This study was done by face to face questionnaire in the $27^{th}$ National Nephrology Congress to determine if the physicians dealing with chronic renal failure, hemodialysis or renal transplanted patients, recommend cancer screening or not and the methods of screening for cervix, prostate, breast and colon cancer. Results: One hundred and fifty six physicians were included in the survey. A total of 105 (67%) participants were male and the age of responders was $48{\pm}9$ years. About 29% were specialists in nephrology, 28% internal medicine, and 5% were other areas of expertise. Some 48% of participants were hemodialysis certified general practitioners. Patients were grouped as compensated chronic renal failure, hemodialysis or renal transplanted. Of the 156 responders, 128 (82%) physicians recommended breast cancer screening and the most recommended subgroup was hemodialysis patients (15%). The most preferred methods of screening were combinations of mammography, self breast examination and physicianbreast examination. 112 (72%) physicians recommended cervix cancer screening, and the most preferred method of screening was pap-smear. Colon cancer screening was recommended by 102 (65%) physicians and prostate screening by 109 (70%) physicians. The most preferred methods of screening were fecal occult blood test and PSA plus rectal digital test, respectively. Conclusions: It is not obvious whether cancer screening in renal failure patients is different from the rest of society. There is a variety of screening methods. An answer can be found to these questions as a result of studies by a common follow-up protocol and cooperation of nephrologists and oncologists.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.852-862
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were 1) to review the Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Act of the United States, 2) to introduce the efforts of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) to expand the Medicare coverage for MNT and 3) to provide information about the reimbursement under Medicare Part B for the cost of MNT. The MNT Act defined MNT services as “the nutritional diagnostic, therapeutic, and counseling services provided by a Registered Dietitian or nutritional professional for the purpose of managing diabetes or renal diseases”. Also, the MNT Act defined “conditions for coverage of MNT”, “limitations on coverage of MNT”, and “qualifications of MNT service provider”. To expand the coverage of Medicare to include MNT, the ADA realized the need for development of a protocol for MNT, as well as studies to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the MNT protocol developed. Therefore, the ADA supported the studies to develop a strong database of scientific investigations of nutritional services. Furthermore, the ADA needed credible data that could be used by Policy makers, so the ADA contracted with the Lewin Group to if out the study to gather the additional data needed to strengthen the ADA's position. In the report of the Lewin Group, which was entitled, “The Cost of Covering Medical Nutrition Therapy under Medicare : 1998 through 2004”, it was concluded, that if coverage for MNT in the Part B portion of Medicare had begun in 1998, by 2004, approximately $ 2.3 billion would have been saved through reduced hospital spending under Part A of Medicare ($ 1.2 billion) and reduced physician visits under Part B ($ 1.1 billion) Effective January 1 2002, the US Congress extended Medicare coverage to include MNT to beneficiaries with diabetes or renal diseases. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) established the duration and frequency for the MNT based on published reports or generally accepted protocols (for example, protocols suggested by the ADA). The number of hours covered by Medicare is 3 hours for the initial MNT and 2 hours for a follow-up MM. In 2002, a Medicare coverage policy was made to define the Physician's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 97802, 97803, and 97804 for MNT.