• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

In this research, aluminum composite panels of the general materials and fire retardant materials as building claddings make researches about fire performance comparison analysis. Test methods of the small and medium cone calorimeter experiments and SBI (Single Burning Item) experiments was applied to the determination. As a result, in the experiments peak heat release rate cone calorimeter the general aluminum composite panel $1,293kW/m^2$ ($75kW/m^2$), flame-retardant aluminum composite panel $70kW/m^2$ ($75kW/m^2$) was measured. In the SBI experiments fire growth rate the general fire aluminum composite panel is approximately 743 W/s and the flame-retardant aluminum composite panel is approximately 97 W/s of the value were measured. Thus, a standards enactment are urgently required in this case it is used as building claddings of the aluminum composite panel by fire risk assessment.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.110-115
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• 2006

Polyurethane(PU) was mixtured by the treatment with flame retardants such as Tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate(TCPP), Triethyl phosphate(TEP) and Trimethyl phosphate(TMP) at about $90^{\circ}C$. Rigid polyurethane foam was produced using the mixured products as flame retardants. The mechanical property and flammability of rigid polyurethane was investigated. The mixtured polyurethane shows reduced flammability over virgin polyurethane. Mechanical strength of mixtured polyurethane also shows as high as that of virgin polyurethane. In order to evaluate flame retardant properties of the mixtured polyurethane foams, heat release rate(HRR) of the foam was measured by cone calorimeter. Scanning electron micrograph of mixtured PU shows uniform cell morphology as virgin PU.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.116-117
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• 2021

In general, when a building fire occurs, the heat flow rises by buoyancy, which affects the temperature rise of the ceiling. In addition, when the ceiling ignites, the fire spreads rapidly due to horizontal spread and radiant heat. According to the fire investigation, most of the large fires have a common characteristic that the fire spreads to the ceiling and causes many casualties. Therefore, it is considered that it is necessary to review the fire risk of ceiling materials used in buildings to prevent the spread of fire to the ceiling. Therefore, in this study, combustion characteristics such as the amount of heat released and ignition time of each SMC, DMC, and gypsum board were checked using a Cone Calorimeter, and the ignition temperature was calculated by substituting them into the fire theory. As a result, the ignition temperature of SMC was 449K, that of DMC was 1492K, and that of gypsum board was 677K.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.165-169
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• 2011

실제 화재의 위험성을 평가하는 가장 좋은 방법은 직접 실재 화재 조건을 모사 또는 구현하여 평가하는 방법이다. 그러나, 비용과 시간 및 환경 문제를 생각한다면 쉬운 일은 아니다. 따라서 단위 재료를 태우거나, 전산 시뮬레이션을 활용하여 화재를 예측하는 방법을 활용한다. 본 연구에서는 콘칼로리미터 실험 결과를 기초 데이터로 실제 화재 실험인 room corner test의 총열방출량을 추정하였다. 그 결과 가연물의 부피 및 밀도와 보정상수를 활용하여 실제 총열방출량에 근접한 결과값을 얻을 수 있었으며, 산출된 총열방출량을 근거로 전산시뮬레이션을 수행, 시뮬레이션 결과값을 통해 재실자의 화재 및 연기에 대한 위험성 평가를 할 수 있었다. 본 결과를 통해 화재 시뮬레이션 수행 시 가연물에 따른 화재에 의한 위험성 평가를 할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.28-34
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• 2020

In this study, an ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter experiment was conducted to examine the effects of changes in flow and thermal thickness around solid combustibles on heat release rate characteristics. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a solid combustible material that does not generate char during the combustion reaction. Hence, it was selected for the experiment, and the thermal penetration depth was calculated to distinguish the thermal thickness of PMMA. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition characteristics were analyzed by measuring the heat release rate measured during the combustion of PMMA. This was performed after generating the forced flow around the combustibles by setting the duct flow of the cone calorimeter to 12, 24, and 40 L/s. The results confirmed that the thermal release rate of the thermally thin combustible material was not significantly affected by the change in the surrounding flow. Hence, the thermally thick combustible material was significantly affected by the change in the flow rate.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.35-40
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• 2019

In this study, the mass flow rate of the heat release rate equation, which is the major factor of the oxygen consumption method, was analyzed for the fundamental investigation of the cone-calorimeter (5 m length and 0.3 m diameter). The shapes of a completely empty inside, 3 mm pore diameter mesh and pore diameter 10 mm honeycomb with 0.76 porosity were constructed using the cone-calorimeter. To calculate the mass flow rate, four bi-directional probes and thermocouples were installed in a uniform position in the vertical direction of flow. The velocity gradient and flow perturbation were measured from the increase in Reynolds number. As the flow capacity increased, the speed gradient increased in all three shapes relative to the turbulence intensity. In addition, the deviation of extended uncertainty to the mass flow was completely low in the order of empty space, mesh (d_p = 3 mm) and honeycomb (d_p = 10 mm and 𝜖 = 0.76) at the 95% confidence level. The results can be used in designs to improve the flow stability of the cone calorimeter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 2018

In this study, we have performed the Cone Calorimeter test and Smoke density test in accordance with ISO 5660-1 and ASTM E662 respectively to check the smoke production characteristics of rubber flooring materials for railway vehicle. Early in the ASTM E662 test, more smoke was produced in the flame mode test than non-flame mode test, but later more smoke was produced in non-flame mode test. The correlation($R^2$) between TSR(Total Smoke Release) by ISO 5660-1 and Ds(Specific Optical Density) by ASTM E662 Flame mode was 0.782. The $R^2$ between TSR by ISO 5660-1 and Ds by ASTM E662 Non-flame was 0.930.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Recently, in circumstantial situation it is recommended positively to utilize of EIFS(Exterior Insulating and Finishing System) as energy policy for economizing energy. But internal EPS insulators of EIFS are exterior panel of high fire risk, because of constituting of flammable materials to be fragile in fire. In this study, fire risk is assessed by experiment Con Calorimeter test and SBI(Single Burning Item) test. As the result of experiment, Con Calorimeter tests do not reach to capability standard of internal incombustible grade, and are assessed as low grade in SBI incombustible grade. Because EIPS is exterior material in buildings with high fire risk in spite of good efficiency, it is required rapidly to take measures to meet situation through various studies(for instance, adjusting law regulation, etc.) in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.4 no.2 s.13
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• pp.29-34
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• 2004

The time to ignition, heat release rate characteristics, and carbon monoxide yield of fiber reinforced and sandwich phenol resin were investigated with cone calorimeter. The fire characteristics of unsaturated polyester, mostly being applied to the existing passenger train, and phenolic resin were compared. DSC & TGA was used to monitor the degree of thermal decomposition and weight loss for the phenolic resin. According to the cone calorimeter data, the time to ignition was shorter, heat release rate, and CO yield was higher as the external heat flux increased. Under the same heat flux, the time to ignition of sandwich type phenolic resin was shorter than that of laminated. The result of comparison between unsaturated polyester and phenolic resin was that phenolic resin was shown to have better fire resistance than unsaturated polyester.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.149-156
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• 2017

This study investigates fire-retardant performances and combustion/thermal characteristics of fire-retardant treated wood by comparing them with those of fire-retardant untreated wood from the expreimental resutls of cone calorimeter and thermo-gravimetric(TG) analyzer. Hazardousness of combustion product gases for fire-retardant treated wood and untreasted wood were also observed from the results of internal finish material incombustibility test according to the Korea standard code of KS F 2271. In this study, we also tried to improve the fire retardant performance of wood by applying fire-retardant chemical composites, and to secure the fire safety performance in buildings. Red pine (Pinus densiflora) was selected as a test specimen because it is mostly used as a building material in Korea. Fire retardant chemical composites (FRCs) were prepared by mixing boron, phosphorous, and nitrogen species and treated by press-impregnation method. Water-based FRCs were composed of 3% boric acid($H_3BO_3$), 3% borax decahydrate($Na_2B_4O_7$), 8% ammonium carbonate($(NH_4)_2CO_3$), diammonium phosphate ($(NH_4)_2HPO_4$) varied from 10-30% and potassium carbonate($K_2CO_3$) varied from 10-30%. From the test results of cone calorimeter, TG analysis and gas hazard assessments, newly proposed were the optimal composition and production methods of FRCs which can sufficiently meet fire-retardant level 3 based on Korea law of construction. Thus, the FRCs, developed in this study, are anticipated to contribute to the improvement of fire safety and widespread of usage in wood as building materials.