• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

Purpose: This study aimed the effects of percutaneous electric nerve stimulation (PENS) applied to different parts of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on the change of glucose and nerve. Methods: rats (ten weeks old) were selected as the subjects; the normal group was five rats, and the diabetes induction group II, III and IV were five rats, respectively, which were randomly sampled from the twenty-five streptozotocin-administered rats with more than $240\;d{\ell}/m{\ell}$ of blood sugar. For PENS, electric current with 2 Hz of stimulation frequency and $200\;{\mu}s$ of pulse duration was applied to the subjects for fifteen minutes a day, six days a week, for three weeks. Calculation of glucose and weight, and nerve conduction test were conducted forty-eight hours and three weeks after streptozotocin administration, respectively. Results: As for change of glucose and weight, the group III with stimulation to the acupoints and the group IV with stimulation to non-acupoints showed significant differences from the control group II (p<0.05). As for MNCV (motor nerve conduction velocity), the group III with stimulation to the acupoints showed significant differences from the group IV with stimulation to non-acupoints and the control group II (p<0.05). Conclusion: PENS had the effects of inhibiting increase of glucose, change of weight and decrease of nerve conductive function between the distal and proximal ends of the peripheral nerve in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1991

정상대조군 20 hands와 수근관증후군환자 40 hands를 대상으로 각 1분, 2분, 5분간 수근관절굴곡 후의 신경전도속도의 변화를 측정하여 수근관증후군의 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있는지를 알아보고자 운동신경은 belly-tendon방법을, 감각신경은 역방향전도검사법을 각각 이용하여 wrist to finger segment에서 수근관절굴곡 전후의 정중신경의 SNCV와 MNDL을 측정하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 대조군에서 수근관절굴곡 후의 신경전도속도의 변화가 있었던 경우는 감각신경에서 2 hands, 운동신경에 1 hands였으며 환자군에서는 감각신경에서 3 hands, 운동신경에서 2 hands였다. 그리고 1분, 2분 및 5분간 수근관절굴곡 후의 SNCV와 MNDL의 평균과 표준편차를 구해본 결과 대조군과 환자군에서 모두 유의한 변화가 없었다. Phlaen's wrist flexion검사에서 대조군은 5%에서 양성이었으며 환자군에서는 60%에서 양성이었다. Tinel징후는 대조군에서는 10%에서 양성이었으며 환자군에서는 33%에서 양성이었다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.75-89
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Methods : From February to September 2010, the number of patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome who volunteered for this clinical study was 16 and 7 out of 16 patients complained both hands. Total 23 cases of hands were randomly divided by 2 groups. We injected Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture on PC7(Daereung) twice a week for 4weeks for experimental group(n=11), and Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture with the same methods for control group(n=12). One case was dropped out due to itchiness of allergic response in the experimental group. Improvement of the symptoms was evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale, Pain Rating Scale, Tinel's sign, Phalen's sign and Nerve Conduction Velocity. Nerve Conduction Velocity was checked at baseline and the end of the trial and others were checked at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks. Results : Both groups showed significant improvement in Visual Analogue Scale, Pain Rating Scale, but no significant difference between two groups. Only the control group showed significant reduction of the 'poitive response' in the Tinel's sign and Phalen's sign. However, no groups improved in Nerve Conduction Velocity. Conclusions : These results showed that Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture could decrease the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Further studies will be required to examine more cases for the long period and use more various concentration and amount pharmacopuncture for the effect on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.158-166
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• 2006

Extended Graetz problem in microtube is analyzed by using eigenfunction expansion to solve the energy equation. For the eigenvalue problem we applied the shooting method and Galerkin method. The hydrodynamically isothermal developed flow is assumed to enter the microtube with uniform temperature or uniform heat flux boundary condition. The effects of velocity and temperature jump boundary condition on the microtube wall, axial conduction and viscous dissipation are included. From the temperature field obtained, the local Nusselt number distributions on the tube wall are obtained as the dimensionless parameters (Peclet number, Knudsen number, Brinkman number) vary. The fully developed Nusselt number for each boundary condition is obtained also in terms of these parameters.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1996년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.34-44
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• 1996

N-machine produces more than input energy at above 3000 rpm. any space energy is absorbed when the N-machine is rotating at a very high velocity. Laws of electromagnetics verify that normal conduction is due to that electrons moves from one three-dimensional crystallizing ${\pi}-bonding$ orbital to next. The ${\pi}-far$ infrared rays are generated from the resonance and rotation of the electrons on the orbitals of three-dimensional crystallizing ${\pi}-bonding$ atoms. Material in universe is composed of ${\pi}-rays$, which have alternative outward electric field. If the alternative outward electric fields of the ${\pi}-rays$ are resonant each other they make attraction force, which is the gravity. The collection of space energy is due to a attraction force between the radially alternating electric field and the ${\pi}-far$ infrared rays in the space. Electrons flow by absorbed density difference of ${\pi}-far$ infrared rays along a conduction wire, which also verifies that normal electron conduction is due to a flow from one three-dimensional crystallizing ${\pi}-bonding$ orbital to next.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.833-841
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• 2007

The aim of this paper is to analyze the conjugate problems of heat conduction in solid walls coupled with laminar free convection flow adjacent to a vertical flat plate under boundary layer approximation. Using the similarity transformations the governing boundary layer equations for momentum and energy are reduced to a system of partial differential equations and then solved numerically using Finite Difference Method(FDM) known as the Keller-box scheme. Computed solutions to the governing equations are obtained for a wide range of non-dimensional parameters that are present in this problem, namely the coupling parameter P. the Prandtl number Pr and the heat generation parameter Q. The variations of the local heat transfer rate as well as the interface temperature and the friction along the plate and typical velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer are shown graphically. Numerical solutions have been consider for the Prandtl number Pr=0.70

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2004

Backgrounds and objectives: POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes) syndrome is the rare cause of polyneuropathy. Although the polyneuropathy is essential for the diagnosis of the disease, the pattern of electrodiagnostic abnormalities has not been characterized in detail. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the features of nerve conduction abnormalities in POEMS syndrome. Methods: We reviewed the medical records and nerve conduction studies (NCS) of 12 consecutive patients with POEMS. Results: A total of 68 motor and 46 sensory nerves were examined. Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and sensory nerve action potentials were abnormally attenuated or not elicited in majority of motor and sensory nerves (80.88% in motor, and 82.6% in sensory nerves). Frequency of the nerves with no potential was significantly higher in lower limbs than in upper limbs (p<0.01 in both motor and sensory nerves), and CMAP amplitude was more reduced in lower limbs than in upper limbs (p<0.01). Conduction slowing was very frequently observed with 95% and 76% of motor and sensory nerves, respectively, having the abnormally reduced values of conduction velocity. Distal motor latencies were abnormally prolonged in 75% of motor nerves, and terminal latency indices were significantly higher in patients than in normal controls (p < 0.05). Conduction block was observed only in 5% of motor nerves. Conclusions: NCS in POEMS syndrome showed characteristic patterns, in which conduction abnormalities were more frequently and severely affected in the lower limbs, and more predominantly in the intermediate nerve segments than in the distal portions. The recognition of these characteristic patterns may be helpful in early diagnosis of polyneuropathy in POEMS syndrome.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.282-292
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• 1993

Neurotoxicity in the workplace may occur with exposure to scores of chemicals. Although large acute outbreaks of the occupational neurological disease are rare, the incidence of occupational neurotoxicity in its subtler aspects is unknown. A working knowledge of both the major occupational neurotoxic solvents and the tools used by cliniical neurologists and neurotoxicologists to evaluate neurotoxicity in working populations is a necessity fur the occupational physician. To investigate the effects of carbon disulfide($CS_2$) on the peripheral nerve system using the nervous conduction study, 105 male workers working in the spinning room of a viscose rayon factory were examined and compared with a sex and age matched, unexposed 105 male controls using t-test analysis. 72.4% of $CS_2$-exposed workers complained of neurological symptoms, and the abnormal cases in nerve conduction study were 48.6%. The abnormal cases of nerve conduction study increased in number according as the age and duration of exposure increased. In this study, asymptomatic workers were confirmed to have subclinical neuropathy by nerve conduction study. Also as there were abnormal cases even in its duration of exposure below 4 years, nerve conduction study turned out to be ways of discovering of early peripheral neuropathy. In nerve conduction study, the amplitude, velocity, F-wave latency and H-reflex of the motor and sensory nerves in both upper and lower extremities were significant different between $CS_2$-exposed workers and the controls. From the pathological viewpoint, both segmental and axonal degenerations were assumed in this study.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2000

Purpose : Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disorder of median nerve at wrist. It is usually diagnosed through clinical manifestation and nerve conduction study (NCS). However, sometimes, NCS does not provide a reliable evidence to reach the diagnosis. Thus, authors performed this study to determine whether NCS was correlated with specific parameters measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which might become a potential complemental diagnostic tool. Methods : We performed MRI in 34 wrists of 18 patients with clinical manifestations of CTS and pathologic nerve conduction values and analyzed them at levels of the distal radioulnar joint, pisiform and hook of hamate, Results : Increase in the cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the pisiform level and flattening, increased signal intensity, and contrast enhancement of the median nerve at levels of the pisiform and hook of hamate were statistically significant. Change in cross sectional areas between the distal radioulnar joint and hamate and the signal intensities at levels of pisiform and hamate were well correlated with the median nerve conduction velocity. Conclusions : Characteristic MRI findings in CTS reported previously were well demonstrated and some of MRI parameters are well correlated with nerve conduction study. MRI, despite cost, may help in evaluating CTS.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2017

Background: Previous studies of radial nerve conduction study (NCS) did not present how to measure the length of the radial nerve across the elbow, and did not even mention how to manage the spiral course of the nerve. This study aimed to applicate the most reliable method to measure the length of the radial nerve during NCS. Methods: Three points (A, B, and C) were determined along the relatively straight course of the radial nerve. The distance was measured using three different methods: L1) straight distance corresponding to the A-C distance, L2) sum of the distances corresponding to the A-B-C distance, L3) based on the L2, but the elbow is flexed at a $45^{\circ}$ angle. We compared the three methods of distance measurement and the calculated nerve conduction velocities (V1, V2, and V3) in normal healthy subjects. Results: 19 normal participants were enrolled. The mean value for method L1, L2 and L3 were $22.5{\pm}1.8cm$, $24.0{\pm}2.1cm$, and $23.2{\pm}2.1cm$ (p < 0.001). Calculated conduction velocities using those distance measurement methods as follows (p < 0.001): V1 ($60.9{\pm}2.7m/s$), V2 ($64.6{\pm}3.3m/s$), and V3 ($63.4{\pm}3.9m/s$). V2 was significantly greater than V1 and V3 (p < 0.001, p = 0.010, respectively). Conclusions: The distance measurement using a stopover point near the lateral epicondyle between two stimulus points in position of a fully extended elbow with forearm pronation is the most appropriate posture for radial motor NCS.