• 보존과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2009

옥외 철제문화재는 외부에 노출되어 있으므로 환경오염인자나 산성비에 의한 염($Cl^-$)의 영향으로 부식이 발생되기 때문에 탈염처리 등 보존처리가 필요하다. 그러나 현재 옥외 철제문화재의 보존처리는 강화처리에 한정되어 있어 염에 대한 손상정도나 염을 제거하는 탈염처리 방법에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 기존에 사용하고 있는 탈염방법은 주로 매장 철제문화재를 대상으로 하여 탈염용액에 침적시키는 방법이기 때문에 옥외 철제문화재에 적용하기에는 어려움이 있다. 이러한 점을 감안하여 탈염용액을 재료에 흡수시켜 철제문화재에 흡착시키고 증발을 막기 위해 방수 필름으로 포장하는 탈염 방법을 실험해 보았다. 옥외 철제문화재에 적용 가능한 탈염처리 방법을 알아보기 위하여 우선 매장 철제문화재를 대상으로 실험하였으며, 탈염흡수재료로는 전통한지, 거즈, cotton wipers, 흡습지를 선정하였고, 탈염용액은 NaOH 0.1M를 사용하였다. 또한 기존의 침적탈염방법을 함께 실행하여 흡착탈염방법과의 효율성을 비교해 보았다. 본 탈염실험에 대한 안정성 평가를 위하여 실체현미경과 SEM-EDS, XRD, pH측정과 이온크로마토그래피분석(IC)을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 흡습지가 기존 탈염 방법과 유사한 탈염 효과를 얻을 수 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.155-175
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• 2011

춘천 문화산업 클러스터는 기업, 지자체, 교육기관, 인력 등의 다양한 클러스터 구성 요소를 가지고 1990년대 후반에 시작되었다. 지방 문화산업이라는 어려움을 가지고 시작된 산업이 스스로 자생력을 갖추기까지는 산업 진흥이라는 인위적인 진흥 정책이 필요하였다. 이 과정에서 진흥 기관이 등장하게 되었고, 진흥 기관의 정책 방향에 따라 산업 클러스터의 방향이 좌우되었다. 기존의 시각으로 이러한 클러스터의 진화 과정을 진단하기 어려움이 있어 클러스터 경쟁론을 기반으로 하여 클러스터의 생성, 발전, 쇠퇴의 과정의 내용을 파악하고 춘천 문화산업 클러스터의 진화의 단계를 분석해 보았다. 진화의 단계를 분석해 보았을 때 춘천 문화산업 클러스터는 생성에서부터 클러스터가 갖추어야 할 기본적인 부분을 고려하지 않고 시작된 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 생성 단계부터의 문제는 발전 단계의 제약요인으로 작용하여 발전의 저해 요소로 나타났다, 이 문제는 산업 진흥의 방향 제시와 클러스터를 이끌어 나가야 하는 정책의 문제였고, 클러스터 구성의 많은 요소들이 연계가 약화되었다. 또한 인지하지 못한 상태에서 클러스터를 쇠퇴시키는 진흥 정책이 나타나고 있었다. 춘천 문화산업 클러스터의 진화적 위치를 분석해본 결과 현재 클러스터 쇠퇴기에 진입해 있었고, 이로 인해 2차 클러스터 진흥 정책이 시급함을 알 수 있었다. 1차 클러스터 정책의 안정적 종료와 2차 클러스터의 탄탄한 진입 준비만이 1차 클러스터의 급격한 쇠퇴로 나타날 수 있는 부작용을 최소화 할 수 있는 정책 방안이라 할 수 있어, 새로운 정책적 시각과 클러스터 산업 진흥 방안이 시급하다. 이를 위해 우선 선결해야 하는 문제는 구성원간의 신뢰 회복과 연계의 재결합 및 강화가 우선이다.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.511-519
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• 2007

대구지하철 방화사건 이후 방재시설이 많이 개선되었지만 아직 인명안전에 대한 확실한 대안을 제시하지 못한 상태이다. 본 논문은 전동차 화재 시 인명안전의 보장을 입증하는 방안에 대하여 정량적으로 평가한 논문으로 화재 열차가 터널 내에 정차할 경우를 가정하여 시나리오를 구성하고, 최악의 시나리오에 대한 가상 화재 및 피난시뮬레이션 기법을 활용하여 대피안전성을 평가하였다. 평가결과 현행 지하철 터널구조하에서의 인명안전을 확보하기 위해 승강장(스크린 도어 설치)에서는 터널상부에서 승강장 천정부를 연결하는 제연환기구(덕트 포함)를 설치할 경우, ASET시간을 연장할 수 있기 때문에 대피안전성 확보가 가능하다. 또한 터널중앙 환기구에서는 배기통과 완전히 분리된 별도의 특별 피난계단을 연결하여 설치하여야만 터널 중앙환기구를 통하여 대피하는 승객의 대피안전성의 확보가 가능한 것으로 입증 제시한바, 실물화재실험의 수행없이 가상화재시뮬레이션에 의하여 대피안전성을 정량적으로 입증하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2021

도시재생이라는 화두와 관련하여 전통시장에 대한 환경개선의 노력이 지속되고 있다. 특히, 주차공간의 미비는 많은 구도시와 재래시장이 겪고 있는 문제이다. 이에 대한 해법으로 기존 도시계획시설을 입체화하여 지하 주차공간을 마련하고, 그 상부를 더 의미 있는 공간으로 활용하려는 시도가 이어지는 추세이다. 본 연구는 대구광역시 수성구 신매동 571번지 완충녹지에 지하 주차장을 조성하면서 상부의 완충녹지를 공원화하는 기본계획안에 대한 기록이다. 대상지를 도심녹지로서의 기능을 유지하며 생태적으로 보존되어야 할 '방어적인 녹지'와 시장으로의 보행 흐름과 이벤트가 집중되는 '적극적인 활동 공간'이라는 이중적인 가치를 지닌 공간으로 정의하고, 이 가치의 균형을 맞출 수 있는 구체적인 설계전략 세가지를 제시하였다. 첫째, 사람의 무분별한 점용과 훼손을 방지하고, 건강한 식생환경을 유지하기 위해 분절되지 않은 최대한의 녹지면적을 확보한다. 둘째, 좁고 긴 대상지의 형태적 특성을 극복할 수 있는 공간배치와 지형 및 식재계획으로, 풍부한 녹색공간의 체험을 가능하게 한다. 셋째, 다양한 도시의 문화활동을 집중적으로 수용할 수 있으며, 신매시장, 고산도서관 등 인근 도시 시설과의 연결을 강화할 수 있는 공간을 제공한다. 본 연구는 도시기반시설의 입체화 계획시 조경적 접근방법의 담론을 확장하는 데 목적을 두며, 향후 유사한 맥락을 가진 도시재생 프로젝트에 시사점을 제공하는 데 학술적 의의가 있다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 1977

동방유량(東邦流糧)에서 공급(供給)받은 저변성(低變成) 탈지대두박(脫脂大豆粕)을 0.02N NaOH액(液)으로 추출(抽出)하여 Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)의 수율(收率)을 증류수나 염용액(鹽溶液)으로 추출(抽出)할때 보다 높이는 과정(過程)(84 % 수율(收率))을 확립(確立)하였으며 제조(製造)된 SPI는 92.1 %의 단백질(蛋白質)을 함유(含有)하였다. SPI를 $70^{\circ}C$에서 moisture heat를 하면 80분간(分間)에 5 %의 변성(變性)이 일어났으나 $95^{\circ}C$에서는 20분(分) 처리(處理)에 의(依)하여 95 %의 변성(變性)이 일어났다. SPI의 alkali 현탄액 (dope solution)은 SPI의 농도(濃度) 15 %, NaOH 농도(濃度) 0.6 %일때 7분(分)만에 60 poises를 나타내고 계속 안정(安定)된 점도(粘度)를 유지하였다. NaOH의 농도(濃度)가 0.9 %일 때는 시간(時間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 점도(粘度)는 증가(增加)하였다가 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. syringe needle (dia. 0.3 mm)로서 모의(模擬) 실험(實驗) 결과(結果) 점도(粘度)가 $28^{\circ}C$에서 60 Poises일때 가장 적합한 단백질섬유(蛋白質纖維)의 texture를 보여주었다. 가열(加熱)에 의(依)한 SPI의 gelation은 8 %이상(以上)의 SPI농도(濃度)일 때 gel이 형성(形成)되기 시작하였으며 $100^{\circ}C$까지 안정(安定)한 gel을 형성(形成)하였고 SPI의 농도(濃度)가 12 %일때 $120^{\circ}C$에서 30분(分) 가열(加熱)에 의(依)하여 20,000 Poises의 좋은 점도(粘度)를 가졌으나 $120^{\circ}C$이상에서는 gel의 continuity가 떨어져 과립상(果粒上)의 gel이 생성(生成)되었다. SPI의 유화력(乳化力)은 pH가 8.7, NaCl의 농도(濃度)가 2 %일때 가장 큰 유화력(乳化力)을 나타냈다. milk casein과 비교(比較) 실험(實驗) 결과(結果) 유화력(乳化力)은 약간 낮았으나 염(鹽)이 존재(存在)하는 경우는 근사한 유화력(乳化力)을 보였다. 그러나 SPI의 foaming capacity는 foaming stability 면(面)에서 egg albumin이나 milk casein과 비교(比較)하여 양호(良好)한 결과(結果)를 보여주었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.157-178
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• 2009

Corporate credit rating is a very important factor in the market for corporate debt. Information concerning corporate operations is often disseminated to market participants through the changes in credit ratings that are published by professional rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investor Service. Since these agencies generally require a large fee for the service, and the periodically provided ratings sometimes do not reflect the default risk of the company at the time, it may be advantageous for bond-market participants to be able to classify credit ratings before the agencies actually publish them. As a result, it is very important for companies (especially, financial companies) to develop a proper model of credit rating. From a technical perspective, the credit rating constitutes a typical, multiclass, classification problem because rating agencies generally have ten or more categories of ratings. For example, S&P's ratings range from AAA for the highest-quality bonds to D for the lowest-quality bonds. The professional rating agencies emphasize the importance of analysts' subjective judgments in the determination of credit ratings. However, in practice, a mathematical model that uses the financial variables of companies plays an important role in determining credit ratings, since it is convenient to apply and cost efficient. These financial variables include the ratios that represent a company's leverage status, liquidity status, and profitability status. Several statistical and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied as tools for predicting credit ratings. Among them, artificial neural networks are most prevalent in the area of finance because of their broad applicability to many business problems and their preeminent ability to adapt. However, artificial neural networks also have many defects, including the difficulty in determining the values of the control parameters and the number of processing elements in the layer as well as the risk of over-fitting. Of late, because of their robustness and high accuracy, support vector machines (SVMs) have become popular as a solution for problems with generating accurate prediction. An SVM's solution may be globally optimal because SVMs seek to minimize structural risk. On the other hand, artificial neural network models may tend to find locally optimal solutions because they seek to minimize empirical risk. In addition, no parameters need to be tuned in SVMs, barring the upper bound for non-separable cases in linear SVMs. Since SVMs were originally devised for binary classification, however they are not intrinsically geared for multiclass classifications as in credit ratings. Thus, researchers have tried to extend the original SVM to multiclass classification. Hitherto, a variety of techniques to extend standard SVMs to multiclass SVMs (MSVMs) has been proposed in the literature Only a few types of MSVM are, however, tested using prior studies that apply MSVMs to credit ratings studies. In this study, we examined six different techniques of MSVMs: (1) One-Against-One, (2) One-Against-AIL (3) DAGSVM, (4) ECOC, (5) Method of Weston and Watkins, and (6) Method of Crammer and Singer. In addition, we examined the prediction accuracy of some modified version of conventional MSVM techniques. To find the most appropriate technique of MSVMs for corporate bond rating, we applied all the techniques of MSVMs to a real-world case of credit rating in Korea. The best application is in corporate bond rating, which is the most frequently studied area of credit rating for specific debt issues or other financial obligations. For our study the research data were collected from National Information and Credit Evaluation, Inc., a major bond-rating company in Korea. The data set is comprised of the bond-ratings for the year 2002 and various financial variables for 1,295 companies from the manufacturing industry in Korea. We compared the results of these techniques with one another, and with those of traditional methods for credit ratings, such as multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), multinomial logistic regression (MLOGIT), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). As a result, we found that DAGSVM with an ordered list was the best approach for the prediction of bond rating. In addition, we found that the modified version of ECOC approach can yield higher prediction accuracy for the cases showing clear patterns.

• 대한간호
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.68-82
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• 1989

This study was a quasi-experimental research study to test the characteristics of temperature regulation according to sponge bath methods of cold application. Thirteen volunteers were selected from among nursing college students according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Four different cold application methods were used: $\circled1$ tepid water sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled2$ 20% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled3$ 40% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$ and $\circled4$ tepid water sponge bath at 28$^{\circ}$C plus an ice bag to the head. Changes in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, heat content change and thermal discomfort during the cold application were measured at 5 minute intervals over a 120 minute period. The data collection period was from Dec. 20, 1988 to Feb. 3, 1989. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple regression, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS-X Program. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Five general hypothesis were tested. Hypothesis 1 that "Change in heat content will be decreased for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected. (tepid water sponge bath: after 10 minutes of cold application, 20% alcohol sponge bath: after 25 minutes of cold application: 40% alcohol sponge bath: after 45 minutes of cold application, tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head: after 80 minutes of cold application) Hypothesis 2 that "Thermal discomfort will be changed for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected after 5minutes of cold application. Hypothesis 3 that "Change in heat content will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted except 0~5, 0~10, 0~65, 0~105 and 0~120 minute. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 4 that "Thermal discomfort will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted at 15, 20, 35, 45, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120 minute of cold application time. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 5 that "The higher the change in heat content, the higher the thermal discomfort during the cold application time" was accepted for between 10~60 and 75 minute of cold application. In conclusion, this study showed that in sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, 10~80 minute was a effective cold application time in the view of heat loss through the skin. Concerning the effects of evaporation and thermal discomfort, it was found that there was no difference with regard to the solutions; tepid water sponge bath; 20% alcohol sponge bath or 40% alcohol sponge bath at a $28^{\circ}C$ controlled solution temperature. So it was thought that the type of solution itself did not have a big influence on the heat loss through skin. The combined effect of sponge bath with an ice bag to the head showed a significant difference and also showed a slight increase in thermal discomfort. On the basis of this research it can be concluded that cold application, for example, an ice bag to the head during a tepid water sponge bath is a good method as it increase heat loss through conduction, although fit can also cause a slight increase in thermal discomfort. The correlation between changes in heat content and thermal discomfort were not high. So factors other than change in heat content are considered to have an effect on the cognition of thermal discomfort.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.427-468
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• 2015

지금까지 우주시대의 개막과 더불어 설립된 UN COPUOS의 첫 번째 과제중 하나로 부각된 우주공간의 경계획정 문제에 대한 학설상의 견해 및 국가의 입장 그리고 UN COPUOS을 중심으로한 국제사회의 논의 과정에 대해 살펴보고 나름의 평가도 해보았다. 앞서 본 바와 같이 영공과 우주공간을 구분하는데 있어서는 크게 두 가지 입장이 논의되어 왔는데 이는 말하자면 영역구분론자(공간론자, spatialist)와 기능주의자(functionalist)로 구분하여 설명되어질 수 있다. 영역구분론자들은 1967년 우주조약 제2조에서 우주공간의 법적 지위가 국가주권이 배제된 일종의 국제공역(res commercium)인데 반하여, 1944년 시카고 협약 제1조와 국제관습법에 따르면 영공주권을 인정하고 있는 것이 명백하므로 이 두 영역간의 경계는 반드시 획정되어야 한다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 실제로 COPUOS의 과학기술소위원회나 법률소위원회에서 우주의 경계획정 문제를 지난 반세기에 걸쳐 줄곧 논의해 오긴 했으나 우주조약, 손해배상 책임, 우주물체의 등록 등의 이슈외에도 위성직접방송이나 원격탐사, 달 자원 이용 문제 등 다른 의제에 비해 비교적 소홀히 다루어진 감이 없지 않았다. 그러다가 적도국가들에 의해 주창된 보고 타 선언 이후 법적결과를 수반하는 많은 실제적 문제점들이 우주공간의 경계획정과 관련한 논란을 야기 하였고, 이 때문에 우주에 대한 구체적 정의가 더욱 필요하게 되었던 것이다. 그러나 이 과정에서 우주의 개발과 이용이 커다란 진전을 보여왔음에도 불구하고 상당수의 국가들이 뚜렷한 과학적 기준 없이 경계를 결정하는 것은 시기상조라거나 부적절하다는 등 경계획정에 소극적 입장을 보여온 논거들에 있어서 별다른 변화를 보이지 않은 채 50년 이상의 기간동안 논란만 거듭해 왔다. 21세기에 와서도 우주의 정의와 경계획정에 관하여 국가들간의 논의가 계속 되었는데 앞서 본바와 같이 러시아를 위시한 다수의 국가들은 100~110km를 넘지 않는 선에서 협상을 통한 경계협정이 체결되어야 한다는 입장인 반면에 미국이나 영국, 프랑스 등 상당수의 국가들은 아직 분명한 기준없이 결론을 내리는 것은 문제가 있다고 반대하였다. 반대견해의 대표적 국가인 미국은 상기한 구소련의 제안에 대해 한마디로 시기상조이며 적절한 법적, 과학적 분석의 토대위에서 경계선이 결정되어야 한다고 주장하고 있다. 따라서 이 문제의 해결에는 무엇보다도 국제공동체라는 인식을 통해 각 국가의 적극적이면서 평화적인 협력의지가 요구된다고 본다. 이런 관점에서 일찍이 미국의 케네디 대통령이 우주활동에 대한 비전을 제시하였던 '달 연설(Moon Speech)'에서 모든 인류가 우주에서의 평화로운 협력과 공존을 위해 모든 노력을 경주할 것을 촉구하면서 현 상태의 우주활동에서는 분쟁이나 국제갈등이 미미하지만 그것의 위험한 환경은 결코 우리에게 우호적이지 않다는 사실을 강조하였다. 또한 그는 이를 극복하려면 인류는 최선을 다해야 하고 자칫하면 그 평화적인 협력을 위한 소중한 기회가 다시는 오지 않을지도 모른다고 하였던 바 이는 오늘날에도 유효한 시사점을 던져주고 있다. 요컨대 이상의 제 상황 및 지구궤도공간에서 우주활동을 해온 우주물체들에 대해 인정해온 다수의 국가관행을 고려하고 여러 이론과 학설을 통해 자연과학적, 천체물리학적 구획이 매우 어렵다는 사실을 감안한다면 사견으로는 전술한 바와 같이 인공위성의 최저근지점을 기준으로 한 100km 정도의 영공과 우주공간의 경계구분안으로 국제적 합의를 도출해 내도록 전향적 노력을 해나가는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.65-106
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• 1986

1, The Purpose of Study This is a study on the Evaluation of the operating of Fisheries Extension Services of Korea, for performing the activities such as guiding fisheries technique as well as offering industrial information to the fishermen in fishing village. By doing so, the Fisheries Extension Sevices(FES) can materialize the continued growth of fisheries, the social and economic development of fishing village, and the increase in income by enhancing the knowledge level of Fishermen, etc. In performing fisheries policy, this activity plays a great role on the research and development activity, and it has become practical since 1976 in Korea. In order to meet immediately with the problem of fisheries technical innovation and rapid environmental changes surrounding the fisheries, the fishermen should not only enhance their scientific and comprehensive capacity in fisheries technique but abtain various effective information. Generally, as most of all the fishemen are poor in the managerial structure and scattered in fishing villages, they have little opportunity in the contact of information. As a result, it is nessessary for the FES to perform the fishing business by the extension service officials who has received special training and acquired fisheries know-how in these fields. And yet, FES is under the unfullfilled circumstance in such factors as manpower, technical know-how, equipment, and the service system etc., which is required in promoting the social, economic development of fishing village and in resolving the high technique demand of fisherman. This study on the fisheries extension services have been studied from those backgrounds. 2. Research Method The data of collecting methods which were necessary in carrying out this study was adopted by the questionaire research on the present extension service activity, through the subject of the extension services (driving agency of the work and the officials), the object(fishemen) and the 3rd observers to the extension services (the authorities concerned). The research sample was taken by the sampling extraction of total 1, 774 men from the above 3 groups. And the research was carried out from August, 1986 to October, 1986, supported from the Fisheries Extension Office (FEO) located in field during the research process. In this study, the levels of the extension operating were determined and estimated in accordance with the extension service method, morale of extension service officials and the extension service system, etc. through the collected data of the research questionaire paper. And based on this result, the essential conditions of the extension services were grasped, and also we tried to present the various activity plan necessary to promote the operating of the extension services. The questionaire research data was calculated by the computer center of National Fisheries University of Pusan, and the total result was again tried on the one demension analysis along with two dimension analysis to search out the relativity between the questionaire, and the statistical test was done $\chi$$^2$test in significance level of l~5%. 3. Contents of Study This study consists of 7 chapters and the contents are as follows : Chapter I : The object and method of the study Chapter II : The assessment and analysis of the extension services Chapter III : The contents and method of the extension services Chapter IV : Analysis of the essential conditions for the extension services Chapter V : The evaluation of activities of extension services Chapter Ⅵ : Conclusion.4. Results and RecommendationTherefore, the results of this study estimated by logical process and analysis are as follows : 1) Most of Korean fishing villages and coastal fishermen have shown much concerns about fisheries technique and social changes, thus many of them were confronted with new problems on how to adapt and to meet changes. 2) Majority of fishermen estimated FEO as an organization of specific technologies with all the thing concerning the fisheries technique in general. Therefore the fishermen wanted to utilize the FEO as an adaptable method for the modern fisheries techniques as well as the environmental changes. 3) In contrast with the fast changes of the fisheries technique, the complexity and variety of technical system and the broadness of fishing village and fishermen, it was revealed that the necessary factors such as the facilities, manpower, budget, and the level of applying techniques of the FEO located in field were highly insufficient. Accordingly, the guiding efficiency was low and the extension services did not provide full solution to the various request from fishermen. 4) It is possible to classify the activation factor for the extension service into two large dimension ; personal dimension relevant to guidance officials and work dimension relevant to the organization. And it was found that the activation level of the work dimension was far lower than the personal dimension between them. So, the activation should be done first in the dimesion to promote the activation of the extension services. 5) The extension services officials are now demoralized in general, thus it is necessary to take reality into consideration : the expense of activity, the adequate endowment of activity scope and the reasonable operation of the position class, etc to enhance its morale. However, in order to do the FES activation, first of all, the systems should be established which is lain unsettled stage until now. And there must be change in the understanding of government i.e. the fisheries extension services are the essential policy subject to build up the base of fisheries growth and modernize the fisheries management. And it should be driven positively with the recognition of the "lasting project".g project".uot;.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-60
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• 1983

The uterus receives adrenergic terminals from the mesenteric ganglia and considerably large amount of catecholamines have been shown to be contained in this organ. On the other hand, the activities of epinephrine, norepinephrine or adrenergic nerve on uterine motility is so complicated that many controversial results have been reporter. Recently, a large number of reports concerning the changes of uterine catecholamines content have appeared, but little is known about the role of uterine catecholamines in their activities on uterine motility. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the significance of the intrinsic uterine catecholamines in the physiology of uterus. Female albino rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were employed in this experiment. uterine strip3 were prepared and suspended in a constant temperature $bath(38^{\circ}C)$ containing 100 ml of Locke's solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Spontaneous motility was recorded on a smoked drum with an isotonic lever. The catecholamines concentration of the uterus was determined according to the Procedure described of Shore and Olin (1958). Human uterus obtained from patients was also used to determine the catecholam ines content of myometrium. Followings are summarized results. 1) On the non-pregnant rabbit uterine strips, epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly elevated the tonus and stimulated the spontaneous motility. Pretreatment with dichloroisoproterenol(DCI), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, enhanced the stimulatory activity of epinephrine or norepinephrine. On the other hand, pretreatment with dibenamine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker, rendered the uterine muscle to exhibit inhibition after the administration of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Following the treatment with both DCI and dibenamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine produced no appreciable effects on the spontaneous motility of the uterus. These results suggest there exist both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in the uterine muscle and the response to epinephrine of the former is predominant over that of latter in the non-pregnant uterus of rabbits. The total catecholamines concentration of the non-pregnant uterus was $351\;m{\mu}g/g$ and the fractional concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were $125\;m{\mu}g/g(35.7%)$ and $226\;m{\mu}g/g$ respectively. It is interesting to note that the catecholamines content of uterus was characterized by a high fractional corcentration of epinephrine relative to norepinephrine. 2) On the pregnant rabbit uterine strips, the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine varied according to the period of pregnancy. The response to epinephrine of adrenergic beta receptor of uterus increased during pregnancy, and the effect of catecholamine was inhibitory in the early pregnancy but became stimulatory as the pregnancy progressed. This stimulating action on the uterine motility was found to occur through the action of norepinephrine. The uterine catecholamines concentration was markedly reduced during pregnancy. The catecholamines concentration was started to decrease in the early pregnancy, reached the lowest level in the mid-pregnancy and then started to increaae again in the late pregnancy when the total catecholamines content became the highest level of all. This increase of catefholamines in late pregnancy was chiefly due to the increase of norepinephrine. These results suggest that the uterine motility may be related to the catecholamines content, especially norepinephrine content in the uterus. 3) Bilateral oophorectomy of rabbits results in a marked shrink of the uterus in size. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment of these animals was very weak and irregular. Norepinephrine produced inhibitory effect, whereas epinephrine was stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The total catecholamines tontent in whole uterus was markedly reduced. The injection of estrogen into the oophorectornized rabbit increased the weight of uterus to approximately three times of that of oophorectornized animal. The apontaneous motility and the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterine segment were greatly enhanced. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a marked stimulatory effects of the uterine motility. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly epinephrine, was markedly increased. The injection of progesterone into the oophorectornized rabbit increaeed the weight of uterus to approximately 2.5 times of that of eophorectornized animal. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment was weak and irregular. Epinephrine produced stimulatory effect at high concentrations but norepinephrine always prcdnced inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of norepinephrine, was markedly reduced. These results suggested that ovarian hormones play an important role not only on the growth and spontaneous norepinephrine of uterus but also on the catecholamines content and responee to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterus. 4) The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine(3 mg/kg) into the non-pregnant, pregnant and oophorectornieed rabbits markedly decreased the uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of the norepinephrine. The stimulatory response to epinephrine and. norepinephrine of the uterine segment of these reserpinized ratbits was markedly reduced whereas the inhibitory response to these catecholamines was enhanced. This finding further support the close relationship between the uterine catecholamines content and uterine response to epineptrire and norepinephrine. 5) In the human uterus, the concentration of epinephrine was actrally greater than that of norepinephrine and it was significantly greater during the proliferative phase of the menstrtal cycle. In the human pregnant uterus, the concentrations of toth epinephrine and ncrefinephrine were markedly reduced and showed about 45 percent rednction after 6-8 weeks of ectopic Pregnancy. At full term ana during labor, the concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at placental sites were less than those found in the non-pregnant group. Of interest was the finding that the norepinephrine concentration of uterus from toxemic patients was two and half times higher than that of lower uterine segment of the nontoxemic pregnant individuals. Also the epinephrine concentraticn was slightly increaeed.