• Applied Microscopy
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.227-237
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• 2016

This investigation deals with the process of field electron emission from composite microemitters. Tested emitters consisted of a tungsten or carbon-fiber core, coated with a dielectric material. Two coating materials were used: (1) Clark Electromedical Instruments Epoxylite resin and (2) Epidian 6 Epoxy resin (based on bisphenol A). Various properties of these emitters were measured, including the current-voltage characteristics, which are presented as Fowler-Nordheim plots, and the corresponding electron emission images. A field electron microscope with a tip (cathode) to screen (anode) distance of 10 mm was used to electrically characterize the emitters. Measurements were carried out under ultra-high vacuum conditions with a base pressure of $10^{-6}$ Pascal ($10^{-8}$ mbar).

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2017

Field electron emission measurements were performed on dielectric-coated tungsten emitters, with apex radii in the nanometer and micrometer range, which were prepared by electrochemical etching in NaOH solution. Measurements were performed in a field electron microscopy (FEM) with a base pressure <$10^{-6}$ Pascal ($10^{-8}$ mbar). Four different types of dielectric were used, namely: (1) Clark Electromedical Instruments epoxylite resin, (2) Epidian 6 produced by Ciech Sarzyna S. A., (3) a Radionox solution of colloidal graphite; and (4) Molyslip 2001 E compound ($MoS_2$ and MoS). Current-voltage measurements and FEM images were used to investigate the characteristics of these composite emitters, and to assess how the different types of dielectric coating affect the suitability of the composite emitter as a potential electron source.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1459-1461
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• 2005

Carbon nanotube -copper composite structures were fabricated using composite plating method and their field emission characteristics were investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by chemical vapor deposition were used in the present study. It was revealed that turn-on field of the structures was about 3.0 $V/{\mu}m$ at the current density of 0.1 ${\mu}A/cm^2$. We observed relatively uniform emission characteristics as well as stable emission currents. CNT-Cu composite plating method is efficient and it has no intrinsic limit on the plating area. Moreover, it gives strong adhesion between emitters and an electrode. The refore, we expect that CNT-Cu composite plating method can be applied to fabricate electron field emitters for large area FEDs and large area vacuum lighting sources.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2016

This paper analyses the relationship between the distribution of a dielectric layer on the apex of a metal field electron emitter and the distribution of electron emission. Emitters were prepared by coating a tungsten emitter with a layer of epoxylite resin. A high-resolution scanning electron microscope was used to monitor the emitter profile and measure the coating thickness. Field electron microscope studies of the emission current distribution from these composite emitters (Tungsten-Clark Electromedical Instruments Epoxylite resin [Tungsten/CEI-resin emitter]) have been carried out. Two forms of image have been observed: bright single-spot images, thought to be associated with a smooth substrate and a uniform dielectric layer; and multi-spot images, though to be associated with irregularity in the substrate or the dielectric layer.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.163-166
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• 2005

Carbon nanotube-copper composite structures were fabricated using composite plating method and their field emission characteristics were investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition were used in the present study. It was revealed that turn-on field was about $3.0\;V/{\mu}m$ with the current density of $0.1\;{\mu}A/cm^2.$ We observed relatively uniform emission characteristics as well as stable emission current Carbon nanotube-copper composite plating method is efficient and it has no intrinsic limit on the deposition area. Moreover, it gives strong adhesion between emitters and an electrode. Therefore, we recommend that carbon nanotube-copper composite plating method can be applied to fabricate electron field emitters for large area FEDs and large area vacuum lighting sources.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 2019

There are several manufacturing techniques for developing thermionic cathodes for vacuum ultraviolet(VUV) ionizers. The triple alkaline earth metal emitters(Ca-Sr-Ba) are formulated as efficient and reliable thermo-electron sources with a great many different compositions for the ionizing devices. We prepare two basic suspensions with different compositions: calcium, strontium and barium. After evaluating the electron-emitting performance for europium, gadolinium, and yttrium-based cathodes mixed with these suspensions, we selected the yttrium for its better performance. Next, another transition metal indium and a lanthanide metal neodymium salt is introduced to two base emitters. These final composite metal emitters are coated on the tungsten filament and then activated to the oxide cathodes by an intentionally programmed calcination process under an ultra-high vacuum(${\sim}10^{-6}torr$). The performance of electron emission of the cathodes is characterized by their anode currents with respect to the addition of each element, In and Nd, and their concentration of cathodes. Compared to both the base cathodes, the electron emission performance of the cathodes containing indium and neodymium decreases. The anode current of the Nd cathode is more markedly degraded than that with In.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2017

This paper describes experiments aimed at characterizing the behavior of field electron emitters fabricated by coating carbon fibers with epoxylite resin. Polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers of type VPR-19, thermally treated at $2,800^{\circ}C$, were used. Each was initially prepared in a "uncoated" state, by standard electro polishing and cleaning techniques, and was then examined in a scanning electron microscope. The fiber was then baked overnight in a field electron microscope (FEM) vacuum chamber. Current-voltage characteristics and FEM images were recorded on the following day or later. The fiber was then removed from the FEM, coated with resin, "cured" by baking, and replaced in the FEM. After another overnight bake, the FEM characterization measurements were repeated. The coated fibers had significantly better performance than uncoated fibers. This confirms the results of earlier experiments, and is thought to be due in part to the formation of a conducting channel in the resin over layer. For the coated fiber, lower voltages were needed to obtain the same emission current. The coated fibers have current-voltage characteristics that show smoother trends, with greater stability and repeatability. No switch-on phenomena were observed. In addition, the emission images on the phosphor-coated FEM screen were more concentrated, and hence brighter.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.361-371
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• 2000

The 123Te(p,n)123I, 124Te(p,n)124I and 124Te(p,2n)123I reactions, among the many reaction channels opened, are the major reactions under consideration from a diagnostic purpose because reaction residuals as the gamma emitters are used for most radiophamaceutical applications involving radioiodine. Based on the available experimental data, the absorption cross sections and elastic scattering angular distributions of the proton-induced nuclear reaction on Te isotopes below 60 MeV are calculated using the optical model code APMNK. The transmission coefficients of neutron, proton, deuteron, trition and alpha particles are calculated by CUNF code and are fed into the GNASH code. By adjusting level density parameters and the pair correction values of some reaction channels, as well as the composite nucleus state density constants of the pre-equilibrium model, the production cross sections and energy-angle correlated spectra of the secondary light particles, as well as production cross sections and energy distributions of heavy recoils and gamma rays are calculated by the statistical plus pre-equilibrium model code GNASH. The calculated results are analysed and compared with the experimental data taken from the EXFOR. The optimized global optical model parameters give overall agreement with the experimental data over both the entire energy range and all tellurium isotopes.