• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1986

Negatively stained dip preparations from Euonymus showing vein clear symptoms revealed bacilliform particles. The particles tentatively referred to as the Euonymus vein clear virus(EVCV) have a relatively complex structure, measuring 230-280nm in length and 70-80nm in diameter. They have an envelope, 8-10nm thick, provided with evenly spaced beadlike projection about 5-6nm long. The inner tubular core which had no envelope showed helical structures, 200-220nm long, and 50-55nm in diameter. This inner tubular core is interpreted as the virus nucleocapsid. A striking association of virus particles with the nuclei of infected cells was apparent from sections which showed numberous virus particles at the nuclear periphery and in what appeared to be intranuclear virus particle inclusions. Careful examination of these apparent inclusions revealed the presence of the nuclear envelope surrounding them, in addition to cytoplasmic organelles within them. Such profiles were interpreted as having arisen when the sections passed through invaginations of the cytoplasm into the nucleus. In all the sections showing virus particles associated with the nucleus, large number of virus particles were found to be present in expanded areas between the two lamellae of the nuclear envelope. This location is suggested as a possible site of virus assembly. Serveal micrographs of particles found in this location suggested incorporation of the inner lamella of the nuclear envelope into the viral envelope. Various micrographs indicated a possible helical arrangement of certain components present in the virus core.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1998

The fine structure of spermatozoa of Pungtungia herzi was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The spermatozoa of p. herzi are approximately 37.4 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in length and a relatively simple cell with a spherical nucleus, a short midpiece and a tail. The acrosome is not present as in most teleost fishes. The ultrastructure of spermatozoa represents typical characteristics of cyprinid spermatozoa including the lateral insertion of flagellum, the organization of centriolar complex in shallow nuclear fossa, and the occurrence and asymmetrical arrangement of mitochondria. In the nuclear envelope and mitochondrion, however there were some morphological differences for their ultrastructure. The nuclear envelope is severely undulated and the shallow nuclear fossa contains two centrioles which are at the angle of some 130$^{\circ}$ each other. The most significant feature can be observed with the mitochondrion; five or more mitochondria, which are shown in primary spermatocyte, fuse to form a single one in the mature spermatozoon. The mitochondrial aspect is different from that of other cyprinid spermatozoa, where their mitochondria have a conventional aspect and never fuse to form a mitochondrial derivative. In terms of sperm evolution the fused mitochondria are regarded as the apomorphic character in comparison with the separate mitochondria. The single mitochondrion is not reported in cyprinid spermatozoon except the case of Rhodeus.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.10-18
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• 1985

The posterior hypothalamus of the hibernating greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai Kuroda) were observed with an electron microscope. The posterior hypothalamus is known to be closely related to the reflex responses activated by cold, and the following observations were obtained in the cellular type of nerve cells: there are three types of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus. 1. The first type of neuron was the largest, ovoid or conical in shape, the nucleus was elliptic and the nuclear envelope had many deep invaginations. The cell organelles were well developed, in particular there was an abundance of variously shaped mitochondria, and the Golgi complex and the polysomes were observed in the cytoplasm. 2. The second type of neuron was moderate in size, ovoid or elliptic in shape, the nucleus was located nearer to the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope had. a few invaginations. The cytoplasm was rich in amount compared with that of the third type of neuron, and the cell organelles, especially the rough endoplasmic reticulum were well developed. Also lipofuscin pigments were observed. 3. The third type of neuron was the smallest in size and round in shape. The nucleus and the nucleolus were observed in the central portion of the cell body and the nuclear envelope had a few invaginations. The cytoplasm was small compared with those of the first and second types, but the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the mitechondria and the polysomes were relatively well developed. The cytoplasm was characterized by the presence of membrane-bound small bodies with a single membrane containing a fine particular substance around the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complexes.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1086-1093
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• 2001

A new linearization technique for RF high-power amplifiers(HPAs) using n-th order error signal generator (ESGn) is proposed. The n-th order ESG generates an error signal based on the complex envelope transfer characteristics of the HPA, which is combined at the output of the HPA. Therefore, the higher-order nonlinearlities are not affected by the ESG$\_$n/ and the stability of the linearized system is guaranteed due to the inherent open-loop configuration. Moreover, the output delay loss can be avoided, because the error signal is generated with the input signal of the HPA. The IMD(intermodulation distortion) improvement obtained applying the ESG$\_$7/ to 5 W class A HPA in cellular band demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed postdistortion system.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2015

Advances in the technology of computational design are giving architects and engineers the opportunity to analyze buildings with complex geometries. This study explores the optimization and automation process using the parametric design method, and uses digital tools to achieve surface representation and panelization for curved shaped office buildings. In this paper, we propose parametric algorithms of dimensional and geometric constraints using the Knowledge-ware scripts embedded in Gehry Technologies' Digital Project. The knowledge-based design methods proposed in this study can be used to systemize the knowledge possessed by experts in the form of data. Such knowledge is required to promote collaboration between designers and engineers in the process of CAD/CAE/CAM. The aim of this study is to integrate the process into design, which establishes an integrated process. This integration enables two-way feedback between design and construction data by combining the methods used in designing, engineering, and construction.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.101-114
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• 1974

The fine structure of HeLa cells treated with several mycotoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517, Aspergillus parastiticus RIB 1037, Penicillium toxicarium RIB 4002, Penicillium cirinum SWU)238, Penicillium islandicum IFO 5235, Penicillium tadum IFO 5787 and Pencillium brunneum RIB 1172) has been examined and some details have been descried. The normal HeLa cell have numerous microvilli, large ovoid nucleus, pleomorphic mitochondria, electron-dense body, Golgi complex, mid-body and endoplasmic reticulum etc. Certain specific structural changes induced by culture filtrates of several mycotoxin-producing fungi have been noted. These alterations induced disappearance of Golgi complex, rER vacuolization, nucleolus attachment to the nuclear envelope nad appearance of certain vacuoles. There were not any changes by the treatment of culture filtrates of non-toxic fungi and only cell debris of some specimens can be observed by the injury of culture filtrates. The experimental animals treated with mycotoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517, Aspergillus parasilicus RIB 1037, Penicillum citrinum SWU 238, Penicillium toxicarium RIB 4002, and Penicillium islandicum IFO 5235) were mal cells treated with culture filtrates.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 1992

A method for nonstationary response analysis of an offshore guyed tower subjected to earthquake loading is presented. The nonstationarity of the earthquake excitation is modeled by imposing a time varying envelope function onto a stationary random model. By taking the envelope function and the auto-correlation function of ground acceleration in terms of complex exponential functions of time, an analytical procedure is developed for computing time varying variances of the tower response. Example analysis indicates that the maximum responses estimated by considering nonstationary effect properly are significantly less than those obtained by the conventional frequency domain analysis method based upon the stationary assumption.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.255-264
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• 1995

The HII region S140 and the associated molecular cloud L1204 have been observed with 10 molecular transitions, CO (1-0), $^{13}CO$ (1-0), $C^{18}O$ (1-0), CS (2-1), $HCO^+$ (1-0), HCN (1-0), SO (${2_2}-{1_1}$), $SO_2(2_{20}-3_{13})$, OCS (8-7), and $HNCO\;(4_{04}-3_{03})$ with ${\sim}50"$ angular resolutions. More than 7,000 spectra were obtained in total. The morphology of this region shows a massive fragment (the S140 core) and the extended envelope to the northeast. Several gas condensations have been identified in the envelope, having masses of ${\sim}10^{3}M_{\odot}$ and gas number densities of ${\lesssim}10^{4}cm^{-3}$ to $3{\times}10^{5}cm^{-3}$ in their cores. The column densities of the observed molecular species toward the S140 core appear to be the typical warm clouds' abundances. It seems to be that the S140 core and L1204 have been swept up by an expanding shell called the Cepheus bubble. The large value of $L_{IR}$(embedded\;stars)/$M_{cloud}\;{\sim}\;5\;L_{\odot}$/$M_{\odot}$ of the S140 core may suggest that the star formation has been stimulated by the HII region, but the shock velocity and the pressure of the region seem to give a hint of the spontaneous star formation by the self gravity.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.563-575
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• 1998

To investigate the changes during the differentiation of the cerebral neurons of chick embryo of tne embryogenic day (ED) 7 and 8, the ultrastructural changes in the cerebral neurons, the activity of dehydronases (LDH, MDH and SDH), protein expression profile and adenosine triphosphate concentration were analyzed. In ED 7 chick embryos, relatively large nucleus, centrally located nucleolus, evenly spread chromatin over nucleoplasm, and prominent nuclear envelope were observed. Oval-shaped mitochondria with well-developed cristae were present over entire cytoplasm. In ED 8 chick embryos, evenly spread chromatin over nucleoplasm, and prominent nuclear envelope were observed. In the cytoplasm, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex were observed. In ED 7 chick embryos and ED 8 chick embryos, 31 polypeptide bands and 34 polypeptide bands were observed, respectively. The activities of dehydrogenases were lower in ED 7 chick embryos than in ED 8 chick embryos. LDH activity was 8.16 (ED 7) and 9.28 (ED 8), MDH activity was 7.98 (ED 7) and 10.10 (ED 8), and SDH activity was 5.49 (ED 7) and 7.14 (ED 8) respectively. The ATP concentration remained unchanged over ED 7 and 8.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

Purpose: Apartment is a typical residential type in Korea. In the past, apartment types were very monotonous. But today, the types of complex are changed because personal needs have been diversified and personalized. In order to meet those needs, construction companies are constructing various types of apartments. The more apartment types are diverse, the more the energy problems are taken place. So, the purpose of this study is to solve the problem of energy gap in the same complex through improving the thermal transmittance of wall. Method: Heating energy consumption of Building Energy Efficiency Rating System and heating energy usage of apartment show a similar trend on the graph. In order to identify the best position of heating energy consumption difference reduction, we change the building's U-value of front, back, side walls. Result: In the A complex, maximum and minimum heating energy consumption building's shapes are flat. the best efficiency is side U-value change and the worst is front change. In the E complex, maximum heating energy consumption building's shape is tower and minimum building shape is flat. Consequently, the front and back wall performance change was little effect to reduce energy gap, while the change of side wall's U-value show the great reduction between building's energy consumptions.