• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• 제22권10호
• /
• pp.754-764
• /
• 2022

Code refactoring refers to a maintenance task to change the code of a software system in order to consider new requirements, fix bugs, and restructure code. There have been various studies of refactoring subjects such as refactoring types, refactoring benefits, and CASE tools. However, Java applications rather than python ones have been benefited by refactoring-based coding practices. There are few cases of refactoring stuides on Python applications. This paper finds and analyzes single refactoring operations and composite refactoring operations for Python-based deep learning systems. In addition, we find that there is a statistically significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of single and complex refactoring operations in the two groups of deep learning applications and typical Python applications. Furthermore, we analyze keywords of commit messages to catch refactoring intentions of software developers.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 2023

We show the design of fast invertible block transforms that can replace the DCT in future wireless and portable computing application. This is called binDCT. In binDCT, both the forward and the inverse transforms can be implemented using only binary shift and addition operation. And the binDCT inherits all desirable DCT characteristics such as high coding gain, no DC leakage, symmetric basis functions, and recursive construction. The binDCT also inherits all lifting properties such as fast implementations, invertible integer-to-integer mapping, in-place computation. Thus, this method has advantage of fast implementation for complex DCT calculations. In this paper, we present computation costs and performance analysis between DCT and binDCT using Shapiro's EZW.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.268-276
• /
• 2023

The representative branch of ICT education is Arduino. However, there are various problems when teaching using Arduino. Arduino requires a complex understanding of hardware and software, and this can be perceived as a difficult course, especially for beginners who are not familiar with programming or electronics. Additionally, the process of connecting the pins of the Arduino board and components must be accurate, and even small mistakes can lead to project failure, which can reduce the learner's concentration and interest in learning Arduino. Existing Arduino learning content consists of text and images in 2D format, which has limitations in increasing student understanding and immersion. Therefore, in this paper analyzes the necessary conditions for sprouting 'growing kidney beans' in the first semester of the fourth grade of elementary school, and builds an automated experimental environment using Arduino. Augmented reality of the pin connection process was designed and produced to solve the difficulties when building an automation system using Arduino. After 3D modeling Arduino and components using 3D Max, animation was set, and augmented reality (AR) content was produced using Unity to provide learners with more intuitive and immersive learning content when learning Arduino. Augmented reality (AR)-based Arduino learning content production is expected to increase educational effects by improving the understanding and immersion of classes in ICT education using Arduino and inducing fun and interest in physical computing coding education.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제66권5호
• /
• pp.1079-1082
• /
• 2024

Treponema pedis, a fastidious anaerobic spirochete, is one of the main pathogens involved in the development and progression of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), a lameness-causing hoof infection in cattle. Here, the complete genome sequencing of T. pedis GNW45 isolated from a dairy cow infected with BDD, was presented. Libraries for long and short reads were sequenced using PacBioRSII and Illimuna HiSeqXTen platforms, respectively. De-novo assembly was done using the long reads, producing a circular contig, by which the short reads were aligned to generate a more accurate genome sequence. The genome has a total size of 3,077,465 base pairs, with 36.84% guanine-cytosine content. A total of 2,749 protein-coding sequences, seven ribosomal RNA's, and 45 transfer RNA's were annotated. Functional analysis revealed genes associated with pathogenicity and survivability in the complex pathobiome of BDD. This study provided novel insights into the survival and pathogenic mechanisms of T. pedis GNW45.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제24권9호
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2024

This paper proposes dual symbol superposition block carrier transmission with frequency domain equalization (DSS-FDE) system. This system is based upon χ-transform matrix, which is obtained by concatenation of discrete Hartley transform (DHT) matrix and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrices into single matrix that is remarkably sparse, so that, as it will be shown in this paper, it only has non-zero entries on its principal diagonal and one below the principle anti-diagonal, giving it shape of Latin alphabet χ. When multiplied with constellation mapped complex transmit vector, each entry of resultant vector is weighted superposition of only two entries of original vector, as opposed to all entries in conventional DFT based OFDM. Such a transmitter is close to single carrier block transmission with frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE), which is known to have no superposition. The DSS-FDE offers remarkable simplicity in transmitter design and yields great benefits in reduced complexity and low PAPR. At receiver-end, it offers the ability to harvest full diversity from multipath fading channel, full coding gain, with significant bit error rate (BER) improvement. These results will be demonstrated using both analytical expressions, as well as simulation results. As will be seen, this paper is Part III of three-paper series on alternative transforms for multicarrier communication (MC) systems.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 1998

One of the better-characterized transcription factor of E. coli is the cAMP receptor protein(CRP) and the CRP binds cAMP and DNA. The cAMP-CRP complex is involved in regulation of many genes at bacteria. The cAMP-CRP regulatory element represents, in some respects, a global regulatory network. The aim of this work was to study the structure and the mechanisms controlling the expression of CRP in Serratia marcescens. We have been get 5 different clones from Serratia which stimulated the cells to use maltose as a sole carbon source in E. coli TP2139. The crp gene clone, pCKB12, was confirmed by Southern hybridization with E. coli crp gene. The location of the crp gene was determined by construction subclones carrying various portions of pCKB12. To investigate the potential role of CRP in E. coli, lacZ fused plasmids were constructed and investigated the ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity of the fused plasmid. The Serratiamarcescens cAMP receptor protein can substitute the E. coli CRP in transcriptional activation at the lacZ gene. These results suggest that Serratia marcescens cAMP receptor protein complex functions to regulate several promoters in E. coli.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
• /
• 한국미생물생명공학회 2001년도 Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 2001

Recent advances in the structural and molecular biology uncovered that a set of translation factors resembles a tRNA shape and, in one case, even mimics a tRNA function for deciphering the genetic ：ode. Nature must have evolved this 'art' of molecular mimicry between protein and ribonucleic acid using different protein architectures to fulfill the requirement of a ribosome 'machine'. Termination of protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes as a response to a stop, rather than a sense, codon in the 'decoding' site (A site). Translation termination requires two classes of polypeptide release factors (RFs)： a class-I factor, codon-specific RFs (RFI and RF2 in prokaryotes; eRFI in eukaryotes), and a class-IT factor, non-specific RFs (RF3 in prokaryotes; eRF3 in eukaryotes) that bind guanine nucleotides and stimulate class-I RF activity. The underlying mechanism for translation termination represents a long-standing coding problem of considerable interest since it entails protein-RNA recognition instead of the well-understood codon-anticodon pairing during the mRNA-tRNA interaction. Molecular mimicry between protein and nucleic acid is a novel concept in biology, proposed in 1995 from three crystallographic discoveries, one, on protein-RNA mimicry, and the other two, on protein-DNA mimicry. Nyborg, Clark and colleagues have first described this concept when they solved the crystal structure of elongation factor EF- Tu：GTP：aminoacyl-tRNA ternary complex and found its overall structural similarity with another elongation factor EF-G including the resemblance of part of EF-G to the anticodon stem of tRNA (Nissen et al. 1995). Protein mimicry of DNA has been shown in the crystal structure of the uracil-DNA glycosylase-uracil glycosylase inhibitor protein complex (Mol et al. 1995; Savva and Pear 1995) as well as in the NMR structure of transcription factor TBP-TA $F_{II}$ 230 complex (Liu et al. 1998). Consistent with this discovery, functional mimicry of a major autoantigenic epitope of the human insulin receptor by RNA has been suggested (Doudna et al. 1995) but its nature of mimic is. still largely unknown. The milestone of functional mimicry between protein and nucleic acid has been achieved by the discovery of 'peptide anticodon' that deciphers stop codons in mRNA (Ito et al. 2000). It is surprising that it took 4 decades since the discovery of the genetic code to figure out the basic mechanisms behind the deciphering of its 64 codons.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.628-633
• /
• 2006

ITS DNA sequences from five individuals, representative of five groups designated according to the degree of leaf teeth and lobes from simple to palmate compound leaf in the Viola albida complex, established and further analysed in order to solve the taxonomic difficulty. A total 702 bp was sequenced at the 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2. The 5.8S coding region is 163 bp, and has no sequence variations. The ITS1 and ITS2 noncoding regions have a little bit sequence variations, and those were further analysed by the methods of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the analysis of sequence divergence and the phylogenetic analysis. The result of ANOVA showed no significant differences among individuals investigated. The analysis of sequence divergence with Kimura 2-parameter distance revealed that in-groups showed much less than 0.05 in absolute value among individuals, while two out groups more than 0.05, V. grypoceras and V. orientalis. This result appeared that the sequence divergence among in-groups was not yet occurred in the species level but situated at somewhere below the species level. In the phylogenetic analysis, two outgroups formed the basal clades in order. Five individuals in-groups formed a clade. The clade was, however, not very robust as around 50% in bootstrap value, suggesting that this result was not meaningful in the phylogenetic point of views.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• 제10권4호통권29호
• /
• pp.528-539
• /
• 2005

The H.264 has been adopted as the video codec for various multimedia services such as DMB and next-generation DVD because of its superior coding performance. However, the reference codec of the standard, the joint model (JM) contains quite a few algorithms which are too complex to be used for the resource-constraint embedded environment. This paper introduces very low-complexity H.264 encoding algorithm which is applicable for the embedded environment. The proposed algorithm was realized by restricting some coding tools on the basis that it should not cause too severe degradation of RD-performance and adding a few early termination and bypass conditions during the motion estimation and mode decision process. In case of encoding of 7.5fps QCIF sequence with 64kbpswith the proposed algorithm, the encoder yields worse PSNRs by 0.4 dB than the standard JM, but requires only $15\%$ of computational complexity and lowers the required memory and power consumption drastically. By porting the proposed H.264 codec into the PDA with Intel PXA255 Processor, we verified the feasibility of the H.264 based MMS(Multimedia Messaging Service) on PDA.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.81-95
• /
• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effects of a group cognitive improvement program on cognitive function, depression and self-esteem in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: This was an experimental study that employed a pre-post design of a non-equivalence control group. The subjects were 52 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment, 25 of whom were assigned to the experimental group and 27 to the control group. The program was conducted for a total of 12 sessions for 60 minutes each. Data were analyzed using the ${\chi}2-test$, Fisher's exact test, and Independent t-test with the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: After the intervention, the group who participated showed improvement in all areas of cognitive function based on MMSE-KC (F=26.37, p.<0.001), the Rey Complex Figure Test: copy (F=20.66, p.<0.001), Immediate memory of Seoul Verbal Learning Test-Elderly's version (F=29.68, p.<0.001), delayed memory (F=45.79 p.<0.001), memory recall (F=28.97, p.<0.001), Forward of Digit Span Test (F=9.25, p=.004), backward (F=8.33, p.=0.006), language comprehension (F=13.42, p.<0.001), and digit symbol coding (F=17.74, p.<0.001) relative to the control group. Moreover depression (F=24.09, p.<0.001) was decreased in program participants, whereas self-esteem (F=40.24, p.<0.001) was increased. Conclusion: The program could be a useful intervention because the results show that the group cognitive improvement program has a significant effect on cognitive function, depression and self-esteem in elderly with mild cognitive impairment.