• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.759-767
• /
• 2000

OPKFDD(Ordered Pseudo-Kronecker Functional Decision Diagram)는 각 노드에서 다양한 decomposition을 취할 수 있는 Ordered-DD(Decision Diagram)의 한 종류이다. OBDD(Ordered Binary Decision Diagram)에서 각 노드는 Shannon decomposition 만을 이용하는 반면, OPKFDD는 각 노드마다 Shannon, positive Davio, negative Davio decomposition 중의 하나를 사용하도록 하며 많은 경우 매우 적은 수의 노드로 함수를 표현할 수 있다. 그러나 각 노드마다 각기 다른 확장 방법을 선택할 수 있는 특징 때문에 입력 노드에 대한 확장 방밥과 입력 변수 순서의 결정에 의해서 OPKFDD의 크기가 좌우되며 이에 대한 최적의 해를 구하는 것은 매우 어려운 문제로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 DD 크기를 기준을 노드 수로 하여 기존의 BDD(Binary Decision Diagram) 자료구조에서 OPKFDD를 효율적으로 유도해내는 방법을 제시하고 complex term을 이용하여 이를 최소화하는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 그리고 입력변수 순서 결정을 위하여 다출력함수의 경우 함수간의 포함관계를 고려한 그룹-sifting과 각 노드의 확장 방법을 제안하고 실험 결과를 제시한다.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.66 no.3
• /
• pp.493-499
• /
• 2017

This paper proposes a combined very-short-term and short-term multi-variate time-series model for 24 hour load forecasting. First, the best model for very-short-term and short-term load forecasting is selected by considering the least error value, and then they are combined by the optimal forecasting time. The actual load data of industry complex is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed model. As a result the load forecasting accuracy of the combined model has increased more than a single model for 24 hour load forecasting.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.220-222
• /
• 2002

The concentration effect relationship (pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model, PKPD) of drugs used for Parkinson's disease is complex. The benefits and adverse effects of drug treatment have to be considered in terms of short term and long term effects. Acute effects, observed over hours and days, reflect symptomatic benefit while chronic effects, observed over months and years, also reveal influences on the progress of the disease. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.141-148
• /
• 2005

This study as a demand of reconstruction allows the longevity of the multi complex, analyze the problems and solutions for a long term maintenance planning scheme, and how to save contingency fund to utilize. The major role of the multi complex housing market reflects Positively on our valuable society, provides a better life of environment on top of longevity and for the superior living duality. For a achievement and improvement existing long term maintenance Plan and contingency fund system should be considered as follows. First, shall be expanded more units of house as smaller group. Second, advice from expert shall be reconsidered, eliminated, and protected reorganizing an informal reconstruction planning comparatively legal procedure must be renegotiated and pursued. Third, the fund which saved for the contingency has to clarified as tax free item by government. It's not only mistreated as a limitation of personal asset but also treated as national source Despite of rather compulsive and constructive method must be noticed by whoever owns for, more positive follows, promotion and directing must be able to guide its understanding and adherence of importance and inevitability.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.2-9
• /
• 1982

In principle the methods of increasing the reliability of complex system can be classified into the following four basic methods: (1) using the stand-by redundancy; (2) decreasing the failure rate of the system; (3) decreasing the time of continuous operation; (4) decreasing the mean repair time. Among the above four methods, it is generally known that the method of stand-by redundancy is the most effective general, to increase the reliability of systems. Therefor this paper aims to compare the gain in reliability which is achieved by applying stand-by redundancy with other methods, and to show the characteristics of each method From the comparison of the methods of increasing reliability, the following important facts are found: When the method of stand-by redundancy is used to increase the reliability of complex systems intended for long-term operation, a hight multiplicity of stand-by redundancy is required. Thus an increase of the reliability of complex system by applying stand-by redandancy is realized at the expense of characteristics such as weight, size, cost, increased complexity of operation conditions. And this property restricts its use in systems which are critical with respect to weight, size, cost or operation conditions. The method of stand-by redundancy is the most effective when this method is used to increase the reliability of complex systems intended for short-term operation, and the method of decreasing failure rate is the most effective when it is used to increase the reliability of systems intended for long-term use. The methods of increasing reliability discussed in this paper make it possible to make highly reliable systems. But it is not possible to make a highly reliable system using a single method of increasing reliability, even if it is the most effective one. Therefore it is recommended to use all or a majority of the above four methods by choosing it in accordance with the properties of the system under construction.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2020

Background: The purpose of the current study was to investigate short- to mid-term outcomes and complications following radial head replacement (RHR) for complex radial head fractures and to identify factors associated with clinical outcomes. Methods: Twenty-four patients with complex radial head fractures were treated by RHR. The mean age of the patients was 49.8 years (range, 19-73 years). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated for a mean follow-up period of 58.9 months (range, 27-163 months) using the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), the quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (Quick-DASH) score, and serial plain radiographs. Complications were also evaluated. Results: At the final follow-up, the mean VAS score, MEPS, and Quick-DASH score were 0.6±1.1, 88.7±11.5, and 19.4±7.8, respectively. The mean range of motion was 132.7° of flexion, 4.7° of extension, 76.2° of pronation, and 77.5° of supination. Periprosthetic lucency was observed in six patients (25%). Heterotopic ossification was observed in four patients (16.7%). Arthritic change of the elbow joint developed in seven patients (29.2%). Capitellar wear was found in five patients (20.8%). Arthritic change of the elbow joint was significantly correlated with MEPS (P=0.047). Four cases of complications (16.6%) were observed, including two cases of major complications (one stiffness with heterotopic ossification and progressive ulnar neuropathy and one stiffness) and two cases of minor complications (two transient ulnar neuropathy). Conclusions: RHR for the treatment of complex radial head fractures yielded satisfactory short- to mid-term clinical outcomes, though radiographic complications were relatively high.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2002

It will be described the discovery of fundamental algebras such as complex numbers and the quaternions. Cardano(1539) was the first to introduce special types of complex numbers such as 5$\pm$$\sqrt{-15}$. Girald called the number a$\pm$$\sqrt{-b}$ solutions impossible. The term imaginary numbers was introduced by Descartes(1629) in “Discours la methode, La geometrie.” Euler knew the geometrical representation of complex numbers by points in a plane. Geometrical definitions of the addition and multiplication of complex numbers conceiving as directed line segments in a plane were given by Gauss in 1831. The expression “complex numbers” seems to be Gauss. Hamilton(1843) defined the complex numbers as paire of real numbers subject to conventional rules of addition and multiplication. Cauchy(1874) interpreted the complex numbers as residue classes of polynomials in R[x] modulo $x^2$＋1. Sophus Lie(1880) introduced commutators [a, b] by the way expressing infinitesimal transformation as differential operations. In this paper, it will be studied general quaternion algebras to finding of algebraic structure in Algebras.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2006

The demand for long-term care is continuously on the rise as number of elders among the population increases. Due to the rapid growing demand for long-term care in Korea, there have been discussions for the introduction of new long-term care system into Korean society. The purpose of this study in to analyze changes of elderly care facilities in Japan after the beginning of long-term care system in 2000. The functional and architectural changes of Japanese facilities were researched to be used as references for predicting changes in Korean facilities. In Japan, after the execution of long term care system, the alterative aspect of facilities is divided into some categories; in sum, the change of environment for long term care, the effort to spread specialized facilities in a whole community, and the tendency to complex a variety of function of facilities such as an facility for home care service, and the like.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.485-490
• /
• 1999

We will calculate concentration of air pollutants using ISCST3, FDM and AERMOD of models recommended in U. S. EPA which are able to predict concentration of short term for point source, complex like industrial complex, power plant and burn-up institution. Before executing model, as analyzing computational result of many cases according to selecting of input data, we will increasing predictable ability of model in limit range of model. Especially, we analyzed three cases-case of considering various emission rate according to time scale and not, case considering effect of atmospheric pollution materials removed by physical process. In our study, after comparing and analyzing results of three model, we choose the atmospheric dispersion model reflected well the characteristic of the area. And we will investigate how large the complex pollutant sources such as industrial complex contribute to atmospheric environment and air quality of the surrounding the area as predicting and estimating chosen model.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.43-62
• /
• 1984

The present study has two main objectives. The first objective is to devise a new term weighting technique which can be used to weight the significance value of each word stem in a test collection of documents on the subject of "enteral hyperalimentation." The next objective is to evaluate retrieval performance of proposed term weighting technique, together with four other term weighting techniques, by conducting a set of experiments. The experimental results have shown that the performance of Sparck Jones's inverse document frequency weighting and the proposed term significance weighting techniques produced better recall and precision ratios than the other three complex weighting techniques.