• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.55-75
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• 2010

Sequential pattern mining aims to discover interesting sequential patterns in a sequence database, and it is one of the essential data mining tasks widely used in various application fields such as Web access pattern analysis, customer purchase pattern analysis, and DNA sequence analysis. In general sequential pattern mining, only the generation order of data element in a sequence is considered, so that it can easily find simple sequential patterns, but has a limit to find more interesting sequential patterns being widely used in real world applications. One of the essential research topics to compensate the limit is a topic of weighted sequential pattern mining. In weighted sequential pattern mining, not only the generation order of data element but also its weight is considered to get more interesting sequential patterns. In recent, data has been increasingly taking the form of continuous data streams rather than finite stored data sets in various application fields, the database research community has begun focusing its attention on processing over data streams. The data stream is a massive unbounded sequence of data elements continuously generated at a rapid rate. In data stream processing, each data element should be examined at most once to analyze the data stream, and the memory usage for data stream analysis should be restricted finitely although new data elements are continuously generated in a data stream. Moreover, newly generated data elements should be processed as fast as possible to produce the up-to-date analysis result of a data stream, so that it can be instantly utilized upon request. To satisfy these requirements, data stream processing sacrifices the correctness of its analysis result by allowing some error. Considering the changes in the form of data generated in real world application fields, many researches have been actively performed to find various kinds of knowledge embedded in data streams. They mainly focus on efficient mining of frequent itemsets and sequential patterns over data streams, which have been proven to be useful in conventional data mining for a finite data set. In addition, mining algorithms have also been proposed to efficiently reflect the changes of data streams over time into their mining results. However, they have been targeting on finding naively interesting patterns such as frequent patterns and simple sequential patterns, which are found intuitively, taking no interest in mining novel interesting patterns that express the characteristics of target data streams better. Therefore, it can be a valuable research topic in the field of mining data streams to define novel interesting patterns and develop a mining method finding the novel patterns, which will be effectively used to analyze recent data streams. This paper proposes a gap-based weighting approach for a sequential pattern and amining method of weighted sequential patterns over sequence data streams via the weighting approach. A gap-based weight of a sequential pattern can be computed from the gaps of data elements in the sequential pattern without any pre-defined weight information. That is, in the approach, the gaps of data elements in each sequential pattern as well as their generation orders are used to get the weight of the sequential pattern, therefore it can help to get more interesting and useful sequential patterns. Recently most of computer application fields generate data as a form of data streams rather than a finite data set. Considering the change of data, the proposed method is mainly focus on sequence data streams.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1319-1336
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• 2006

The successive round of talks oil Korea-USA Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has continued, and it also has the Intellectual property(IPR) unit. Until now, tile one of most disputing concerns in IPR unit through talks is the limitation of compulsory license of claimed invention. The US is urging to establish a safeguard for IPR, as similar measure of the US, to protecting the profit of the US enterprises through these on-going talks, it is more likely expected to take the offensive about infringement of the patent seriously. Based on the current circumstances, the provision strategy study is needed to obtain Korea inventors the first inventor defense under the US patent law system as well as understand the current Korea's patent law and its revision against that in the US. In patent Law, both nations with first to file system and first to invent system permit a prior user of an invention to continue to use the invention notwithstanding its subsequent patenting by another under being subject to certain qualifications and limitations, even though a patent by a later inventor is granted. Normally, the first inventor defense has been used to compensate the drawbacks of the first to file system. The US patent Law, however, adopting the first to invent system admits the first inventor defense. Therefore, pursuing counteract provision under consideration with Korean patent Law system and research environment along with investigating the reason why the US adopted its patent law system, the scope of right, and the new reform of Act. 2005 of the institute, which promotes the first Korean inventor to possess the defense right of the US, provides certain preparations for Korean companies against the expected offensive from the US ones under the US patent Law system.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.316-324
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• 2004

Purpose : In radiotherapy of tumors in liver, enough planning target volume (PTV) margins are necessary to compensate breathing-related movement of tumor volumes. To overcome the problems, this study aims to obtain patients' body movements by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor, and to develop respiration sating techniques that can adjust patients' beds by using reversed values of the data obtained. Materials and Methods : The phantom made to measure patients' body movements is composed of a microprocessor (BS II, 20 MHz, 8K Byte), a sensor (Ultra-Sonic, range $3\~3$ m), host computer (RS232C) and stepping motor (torque 2.3 Kg) etc., and the program to control and operate it was developed. The program allows the phantom to move within the maximum range of 2 cm, its movements and corrections to take place In order, and x, y and z to move successively. After the moving phantom was adjusted by entering random movement data (three dimensional data form with distance of 2 cm), and the phantom movements were acquired using the ultra sonic sensor, the two data were compared and analyzed. And then, after the movements by respiration were acquired by using guinea pigs, the real-time respiration gating techniques were drawn by operating the phantom with the reversed values of the data. Results : The result of analyzing the acquisition-correction delay time the three types of data values and about each value separately shows that the data values coincided with one another within $1\%$ and that the acquisition-correction delay time was obtained real-time $(2.34{\times}10^{-4}sec)$. Conclusion : This study successfully confirms the clinic application possibility of respiration gating techniques by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor. With ongoing development of additional analysis system, which can be used in real-time set-up reproducibility analysis, it may be beneficially used in radiotherapy of moving tumors.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.197-225
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• 2015

The presentation of this paper was triggered by the spread of MERS in Korea in the year 2015. The analysis of the present acts related with MERS is necessary in order to cope efficiently with any probable spread of such infectious diseases as MERS in future. The acts that should be analyzed in this paper include 'Medical Service Act' and 'Infectious Disease Control And Prevention Act' (hereafter, IDCAPA). At first the classification of the infectious diseases in IDCAPA should be referred to. The Act does not properly classify them because the scope of concept of each group of the infectious diseases overlaps each other. This overlap should be removed. The present system in IDCAPA is not proper for the efficient notification and reporting of the infectious disease patients. This is so in some viewpoints including the persons obligated to make the notification and reporting, the persons to whom they should notify and report such patients, and the process of notification and reporting. The efficient approach to the information related with the infectious disease is necessary for the rapid prevention of its spread. Cohort isolation and quarantine of the infectious patients and exposed contacts are the strongest and most efficient steps for the prevention of spread of the infectious diseases. One of the great problems related with such steps would be the conflict of powers or attributions, the likelihood of which is inevitable under the present system of IDCAPA. The IDCAPA distributed the power or attribution to take the steps to the three governments including the central government, the metropolitan government and the primary local government. The power should be concentrated in the central government, which could afford financially to compensate for the huge amount of damages caused likely by the steps. The power to take the steps would be actually just a useless thing for its holder without such financial capacity. The remedy for the victims by the fault of spreader should be approached to in the sense of national wealth. The general principle of tort law could not supply the victims with the sufficient remedy because the damages would be likely too huge for the wealth of such spreader to cope with. In future another parliamentary inspection could reveal another problems in the administration by the government of the MERS event in the year 2015. Any problem caused by defect in the legal system of the control and prevention of the infectious diseases should be taken into consideration when the legal system would be reformed in future.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.139-171
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• 2018

The 「Act on Remedies for Injuries from Medical Malpractice and Mediation of Medical Disputes」(hereinafter referred to as 'the Act on Mediation of Medical Disputes') provides that the state should compensate the victims of medical accidents occurred irresistibly in childbirth despite that health and medical service personnel fulfilled their duty of care for their damage within the range of its budget(Article 46 of the Act on Mediation of Medical Disputes). Given that victims of medical accidents could expect demage recovery only through lawsuits thus far, this act can be said to be a groundbreaking act. However, However, as 30% of the costs for such medical accident compensation projects are borne by those who have records of childbirth among the founders of health and medical institutions (Article 21 of the Act on Mediation of Medical Disputes), there has been a question about whether doctors are held responsible despite that the accidents such as the deaths of mothers and newborn babies occurred irresistibly without doctors' fault. However, recently, the Constitutional Court ruled that 'the range of founders of health and medical institutions' and 'share ratios of finances for compensation' in Article 46 (3) of the Act on Mediation of Medical Disputes' related to the imposition of the share of costs are institutional (Constitutional Court ruling dated April 26, 2018, 2015Heonga13, hereinafter referred to as 'the ruling in the case'). Although the ruling in the case was made based on only the principle of statutory reservation and the principle of ban on comprehensive authorization, this paper added a practical judgment. This paper proved that the share of costs in this case has the nature of burden charges in pursuit of study and does not infringe on the property rights of the founders of health medical institutions even in light of the principle of proportionality because there is a legitimate reason for imposing the burden charge. The imposition of the share of costs in the system for compensation for medical accidents occurred irresistibly is against the principle of liability with fault in part. However, the medical accident compensation projects are rational a national policy for the victims of medical accidents and the medical world clearly gains some benefits from the effect to terminate medical disputes. The expansion of finances for compensation through the payments of the share of costs will reduce the suffering and misunderstanding of victims of medical accidents occurred in the process of childbirth and will be very helpful to the construction of stable treatment environments of medical workers by quickly establishing the medical accident compensation projects as such.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2013

Recent unusual weather due to global warming causes shortage of daily sunlight and constitutes one of the primary reasons for agricultural damages. LED light sources are frequently utilized to compensate for the shortage of sunlight in greenhouse agriculture. The present study is aimed at evaluating formations of phytochemicals as well as growth characteristics of mature strawberry fruits ('Daewang' cultivar) during cultivation in a closed growth chamber equipped with artificial LED light as a sole light source. Each LED light of blue (448 nm), red (634 and 661 nm) or mixed blue plus red (blue:red = 3:7) was separately supplied and the intensity of each light was adjusted to $200{\pm}1{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at plant level with a photoperiod consisted of 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness. Strawberries grown under mixed LED light of blue and red wavelengths showed a higher production of fruits than those grown under other LED treatments. Fructose, one of the free sugars, increased in mixed LED light-grown fruits. Anthocyanin contents were elevated remarkably in the mixed LED light-grown fruits compared with those in other LED treatments. Contrastingly, contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were not of much different from one another among the fruits treated with various LED lights. On the other hand, ripening of strawberry fruits was found to be faster when grown under blue LED light compared with other LED treatments. Moreover, antioxidant activities of blue or red LED light-grown fruits, respectively, were significantly higher than those of mixed LED light-grown fruits. We suggest that when daylight is in shortage during cultivation in a greenhouse, supplementation of sunlight with LED light, which is composed of blue and red wavelengths, could be useful for the enhancement of productivity as well as of free sugar content in strawberry fruits. In addition, for the strawberry culture in the plant factory, selective adoption of LED light wavelength would be required to accomplish the purpose of controlling fruit maturation time as well as of enhancing contents of sugars and antioxidants of fruits.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.139-154
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• 1996

In order to evaluate the sensor`s look direction bias in the Landsat TM image and to estimate trends of primary geological lineaments, we have attempted to systematically compare lineaments in TM image, relief shadowed DEM's, and actual lineaments of geologic and topographic map through the Hough transform technique. Hough transform is known to be very effective to estimate the trend of geological lineaments, and help us to obtain the true trends of lineaments. It is often necessary to compensate the preferential enhancements of terrain lineaments in a TM image occurred by to look direction bias, and that can be achieved by utilizing an auxiliary data. In this study, we have successfully adopted the relief shadowed DEM in which the illuminating azimuth angle is perpendicular to look direction of a TM image for assessing true trends of geological lineaments. The results also show that the sum of four relief shadowed DEM's directional components can possibly be used as an alternative. In Euiseong-gun area where Sindong Group and Mayans Group are mainly distributed, geological lineaments trending $N5^{\circ}$~$10^{\circ}$W are dominant, while those of $N55^{\circ}$~$65^{\circ}$ W are major trends in Cheongsong-gun area where Hayang Group, Yucheon Group and Bulguksa Granite are distributed. Using relief shadowed DEM as an auxiliary data, we found the $N55^{\circ}$~$65^{\circ}$ W lineaments which are not cleanly observed in TM image over Euiseong-gun area. Compared with the trend of Gumchon and Gaum strike-slip faults, these lineaments are considered to be an extension of the faults. Therefore these strike-slip faults possibly extend up to Sindong Group in the northwest parts in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.447-463
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• 2019

Sea surface wind is a fundamental element for understanding the oceanic phenomena and for analyzing changes of the Earth environment caused by global warming. Global research institutes have developed and operated scatterometers to accurately and continuously observe the sea surface wind, with the accuracy of approximately ${\pm}20^{\circ}$ for wind direction and ${\pm}2m\;s^{-1}$ for wind speed. Given that the spatial resolution of the scatterometer is 12.5-25.0 km, the applicability of the data to the coastal area is limited due to complicated coastal lines and many islands around the Korean Peninsula. In contrast, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), one of microwave sensors, is an all-weather instrument, which enables us to retrieve sea surface wind with high resolution (<1 km) and compensate the sparse resolution of the scatterometer. In this study, we investigated the Geophysical Model Functions (GMF), which are the algorithms for retrieval of sea surface wind speed from the SAR data depending on each band such as C-, L-, or X-band radar. We reviewed in the simulation of the backscattering coefficients for relative wind direction, incidence angle, and wind speed by applying LMOD, CMOD, and XMOD model functions, and analyzed the characteristics of each GMF. We investigated previous studies about the validation of wind speed from the SAR data using these GMFs. The accuracy of sea surface wind from SAR data changed with respect to observation mode, GMF type, reference data for validation, preprocessing method, and the method for calculation of relative wind direction. It is expected that this study contributes to the potential users of SAR images who retrieve wind speeds from SAR data at the coastal region around the Korean Peninsula.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.341-349
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• 2021

In combustion facilities, the nitrogen and sulfur in fossil fuels react with oxygen to generate air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO_X) and sulfur oxides (SO_X), which are harmful to the human body and cause environmental pollution. There are regulations worldwide to reduce NO_X and SO_X, and various technologies are being applied to meet these regulations. There are commercialized methods to reduce NO_X and SO_X emissions such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR), selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), but due to the disadvantages of these methods, many studies have been conducted to simultaneously remove NO_X and SO_X. However, even in the NO_X and SO_X simultaneous removal methods, there are problems with wastewater generation due to oxidants and absorbents, costs incurred due to the use of catalysts and electrolysis to activate specific oxidants, and the harmfulness of gas oxidants themselves. Therefore, in this research, microbubbles generated in a high-pressure disperser and reducing agents were used to reduce costs and facilitate wastewater treatment in order to compensate for the shortcomings of the NO_X, SO_X simultaneous treatment method. It was confirmed through image processing and ESR (electron spin resonance) analysis that the disperser generates real microbubbles. NO_X and SO_X removal tests according to temperature were also conducted using only microbubbles. In addition, the removal efficiencies of NO_X and SO_X are about 75% and 99% using a reducing agent and microbubbles to reduce wastewater. When a small amount of oxidizing agent was added to this microbubble system, both NO_X and SO_X removal rates achieved 99% or more. Based on these findings, it is expected that this suggested method will contribute to solving the cost and environmental problems associated with the wet oxidation removal method.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.167-178
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the direct investment decision factors in the Kaesong Industrial Complex and Vietnam, and to contribute to the creation of domestic jobs and the revitalization of the inter-Korean economy. According to the analysis, most of the Kaesong Industrial Complex and Vietnamese investment companies are entering the complex for the purpose of utilizing cheap labor, cheap factory locations, sales/development of local markets, and bypass export production bases in third countries. This can be divided into production-efficient investors using differences in production price such as labor costs and market-oriented investors to sell and expand the local market, which seems to be consistent with global direct investment patterns such as Nike, Apple, and Amazon. However, even if the North Korea-U.S. denuclearization talks ease or lift sanctions, Vietnamese investors' willingness to invest in the North Korea has been most burdened by the possibility of closing special economic zones due to political risks. Last but not least, it is important to note that those willing to invest in North Korea are mostly smaller enterprises in textiles, sewing, footwear and leather industries-those that benefit from low-cost labor. Since their size is small, they need policy support in financing, especially in the early stages of their business. Even after they grow past the early stages, those without collateral would still need state guarantee letters to get financing. Thus, it is worth considering to use the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund to compensate commercial banks for bad loan loss or for low-interest loans for smaller SMEs. The interviews with SMEs found that red-tape is one of the biggest difficulties they face. Thus, it is recommended that a one-stop service agency should be established to cover all processes and issues related to inter-Korean economic cooperation to eliminate redundancy and expediate government support for SMEs.