• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.268-279
• /
• 2021

Citrus scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Elsinoë fawcettii, is one of the most important fungal diseases affecting Citrus spp. Citrus scab affects young tissues, including the leaves, twigs, and fruits, and produces severe fruit blemishes that reduce the market value of fresh fruits. To study the molecular responses of satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu) to E. fawcettii, plant hormone-related gene expression was analyzed in response to host-compatible (SM16-1) and host-incompatible (DAR70024) isolates. In the early phase of infection by E. fawcettii, jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-related gene expression was induced in response to infection with the compatible isolate. However, as symptoms advanced during the late phase of the infection, the jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-related gene expression was downregulated. The gene expression patterns were compared between compatible and incompatible interactions. As scabs were accompanied by altered tissue growth surrounding the infection site, we conducted gibberellic acid- and abscisic acid-related gene expression analysis and assessed the content of these acids during scab symptom development. Our results showed that gibberellic and abscisic acid-related gene expression and hormonal changes were reduced and induced in response to the infection, respectively. Accordingly, we propose that jasmonic and salicylic acids play a role in the early response to citrus scab, whereas gibberellic and abscisic acids participate in symptom development.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.213-225
• /
• 2016

To reduce attrition in drug development, it is crucial to consider the development and implementation of translational phenotypic assays as well as decipher diverse molecular mechanisms of action for new molecular entities. High-throughput fluorescence and confocal microscopes with advanced analysis software have simplified the simultaneous identification and quantification of various cellular processes through what is now referred to as high-content screening (HCS). HCS permits automated identification of modifiers of accessible and biologically relevant targets and can thus be used to detect gene interactions or identify toxic pathways of drug candidates to improve drug discovery and development processes. In this review, we summarize several HCS-compatible, biochemical, and molecular biology-driven assays, including immunohistochemistry, RNAi, reporter gene assay, CRISPR-Cas9 system, and protein-protein interactions to assess a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, morphological changes, protein expression, localization, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. These cell-based assay methods can be applied to not only 2D cell culture but also 3D cell culture systems in a high-throughput manner.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1523-1534
• /
• 2000

The performance of a number of existing dynamic subgrid-scale(SGS) models is evaluated in large-eddy simulations(LES) of two prototype transitional and turbulent shear flows, a planar jet and a channel flow. The dynamic SGS models applied include the dynamic Smagorinsky model(DSM);Germano et al. 1991, Lully 1992), the dynamic tow-component model(DTM; Akhavan et al. 2000), the dynamic mixed model(DMM;Zang et al, 1993). and the dynamic two-parameter model(DTPM; Salvetti & Banerjee 1995). The results are compared with those for DNS for their evaluation. The LES results demonstrate the superior performance of DTM with use of a sharp cutoff filter and DMM with use of a box filter, as compared to their respect counterpart DSM, in predicting the mean statistics, spectra and large-scale structure of the flow, Such features of DTM and DMM derive from the construction of the models in which tow separate terms are included to represent the SGS interactions; a Smagorinsky edd-viscosity term to account for the non-local interactions, and a local-interaction term to account for the nonlinear dynamics between the resolved and subgrid scales in the vicinity of the LES cutoff. As well, overall the SGS models using a sharp cutoff filter are more successful than those using a box filter in capturing the statistics and structure of the flow. Finally, DTPM is found to be compatible or inferior to DMM.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.9 no.9
• /
• pp.158-165
• /
• 2019

Through the use of speech software technology, this paper examines the effects of voice interactions within the inner circle of English. The fundamental frequency (F0) was obtained by analyzing native speakers (aged 30-55) speech effects based on nationality, age, and gender. The findings within this study reveal that the Caucasian British female (age 33) and the Caucasian American male (age 55) produced the most interactive speech. The contributing factor is the students' experience with various language styles throughout their language acquisition studies. The results of this study are compatible with $Traunm{\ddot{u}}eller$ & Eriksson (1995) and previous studies which agree that continuous speech above average is paramount towards student engagement and interactions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.18-26
• /
• 2002

Films of methylcellulose(MC), chitosan and their blends were prepared using water and acid solution as a solvent. The transition behavior and miscibility of polymers and their blends were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). The DMA analysis of PEG400/MC blends has shown that PEG400 was compatible with MC and was effective plasticizer since the curves of $tan{\delta}$ against temperature exhibited single peak, corresponding to single glass transition temperature, which were displaced to lower values with increasing PEG400 content. Results of DMA analysis and TGA analysis of MC/chitosan blends indicate that there are some miscibility between MC and chitosan in the blends, attributed to the similarities between two polysaccharides and interactions of two polymers in the blends. The inclusion of PEG400 in the blends increase the miscibility between two components in the blends.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.81-103
• /
• 2003

This paper compares the environmental economic performance of the South Korean and the German economy during the last decade. The analysis is based on comparable data from the Environmental Economic Accounts (EEA). The EEA is a satellite account to the National Accounts which enhances the conventional economic accounts by a description of the interactions between the economy and the environment. The data from the EEA and the national accounts are fully compatible. In absolute terms the environmental pressures caused by economic activities were with regards to the environmental factors used for the analysis generally lower in South Korea than in Germany. If the use of environmental factors is related to each country's gross domestic product (environmental productivities) a lower level of environmental productivity can be observed for most of the environmental factors in South Korea compared to Germany. For example in 1999 energy and $CO_2$ productivity were about two fifths of the German level. This corresponds to the relation regarding labour productivity (Gross domestic product per employment).

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.02b
• /
• pp.257-261
• /
• 2008

In this paper, intuitive interactions compatible with various software and replaceable with the conventional mouse function are proposed for camera-tracked laser pointer system. For this purpose, this paper designs the motion based interaction using acceleration information from a new laser pointer with 3-axes accelerometer and shows its usability.

• Vacuum Magazine
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2015

Nonthermal bio-compatible plasma (bioplasma) sources and their characteristics operating at atmospheric pressure could be used for biological cell interactions, especially for plasma bioscience and medicines. The electron temperatures and plasma densities of this bioplasma are measured to be 0.7 ~ 1.8 eV and $(3-5){\times}10^{14-15}cm^{-3}$, respectively. Herein, we introduced general schematic view of the plasma-initiated ultraviolet photolysis of water inside the biological solutions or living tissue for the essential generation mechanism of the reactive hydroxyl radical [OH] and hydrogen peroxide [$H_2O_2$], which may result in apoptotic cell death in plasma bioscience and medicines. Further, we surveyed the various nonthermal bioplasma sources including plasma jet, micro-DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) and nanosecond discharged plasma. The diseased biological protein, cancer, and mutated cells could be treated by these bioplasma sources or bioplasma activated water to result in their apoptosis for new paradigm of plasma bioscience and medicines.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2017

Today, mobile devices are becoming essential for everyday life, and integration of mobile computing, situation recognition and intellectual service accelerates mobile interaction. Surrounding intelligence detection technology is extremely important. These technologies can automatically acquire and recognize surrounding information and situations. Situation recognition can realize wide-range mobile recognition for intellectual services of users' diverse activities, by distinguishing many surrounding devices and recognizing their situations. Thus, this paper suggests application for students' mobile authentication such as college campus attendance authentication, and redesign existing plastic student ID as NFC-compatible mobile authentication system. Experiment results proved NFC-compatible mobile touch-based interactions can maximize the strengths of NFC technology because it can recognize limits in some situations such as tardiness and absences by automating student validation and preventing far-distance reading.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.420-431
• /
• 2005

The differentially virulent race T1 of common bunt (Tilletia tritici) was used to inoculate the wheat lines Neepawa (compatible) and its sib BW553 (incompatible) that are nearly isogenic for the Bt-10 resistance gene. Inoculated crown tissues were used to construct a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library. Of the 1920 clones arrayed from the SSH cDNA library, approximately 10% were differentially regulated. A total of 168 differentially up-regulated and 25 down-regulated genes were identified and sequenced; 71% sequences had significant homology to genes of known function, of which 59% appeared to have roles in cellular metabolism and development, 24% in abiotic/biotic stress responses, 3% involved in transcription and signal transduction responses. Two putative resistance genes and a transcription factor were identified among the up regulated sequences. The expression of several candidate genes including a lipase, two non-specific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTPs), and several wheat pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins, was evaluated following 4 to 32 days post-inoculation in compatible and incompatible interactions. Results confirmed the higher overall expression of these genes in resistant BW553 compared to susceptible Neepawa, and the differential up-regulation of wheat lipase, chitinase and PR-1 proteins in the expression of the incompatible interaction.