• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.9-16
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• 2007

This study aims to suggest an evaluation method of thermal environment using CFD, not an experiment, which is usual in the field. Model train is the newly introduced Mugunghwa train. Since its compartment occupies a large space and chairs and other accessories make it a complicated structure, 3-D calculation might take too much time and effort to make evaluation itself possible. Therefore, we suggest a 2-D model to replace the original 3-D model for averaged temperature and temperature distribution in the cabin.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.381-390
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• 1999

In this study, a pseudo ship structure data model for the :.hip cargo hold structure based on STEP is proposed. The proposed data model is based on Application Reference Model of AP218 Ship Structure which is the model that specifies conceptual structures and constraints used to describe the information requirements of an application. And the proposeddata model refers the Ship Common Model framework for the model architecture which is the basis for ongoing ship AP development within the ISO ship-building group and the ship product definition information model of CSDP research project for analyzing the relationship between ship structure model entities. The proposed data model includes Space, Compartment. Ship Structural System, Structural Part and Structural Feature of cargo hold. To generate this data model schema in EXPRESS format, ‘GX-Converter’was used which enables user to edit a model in EXPRESS format and convert schema file in EXPRESS format. Using this model schema, STEP physical file containing design data for ship cargo hold data structure was generated through SDAI programming. The another STEP physical file was also generated containing geometry data of ship cargo hold which was extracted and calculated by SDAI and external surface/surface intersection program. The geometry information of ship cargo hold can be then transferred to commercial CAD system, for example, Pro/Engineer. Examples of the modification of the design information are also Presented.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.385-390
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• 2000

In this study we propose the computational model for the coronary circulation. The bypass from left ventricle is also considered. Lumped parameter model with three compartments in the coronary circulation is implemented in this study. We connected the coronary artery compartment with left ventricle to explain the bypass procedure from left ventricle. The asymmetric resistance is assumed in the bypass line from left ventricle. The present numerical method is tested for normal coronary circulation and the results are compared with the existing computational work. The bypass simulation is conducted and the flow pattern is delineated. The effect of shunt resistance and coronary compliance to circulation is investigated for the better design of the bypass shunt.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

Front side member of the front impacted vehicle plays a key role in minimizing the impacting load transferred to the compartment. To perform that required function, axial collapse should be dominant during side member crashing and, prior to designing side member, it is crucial to minimize bending moment occurred at the front end. In this study, for FE model of a SUV front body, front impact analyses were carried to find out bumper stay design which effectively develope axial collapse in the side member. As a previous work, the thickness of side member reinforcement were changed. Next, the inner thickness of bumper stay was increased. Also, the bead shape and location were modified. Final front body model showed much more axial collapsed mode and enhanced crash performance. In addition, a stay of octagon section was adopted and that model exhibited distinctive increase in impact energy absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.373-379
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of a direct thrombin inhibitor, argatroban to predict the concentration-effect profiles in rats. Argatroban was i.v. injected to rats at 0. 2, 0.8 and 3.2 mg/kg doses (n = 4-5 per dose), and plasma drug levels were determined by a validated LC/MS/MS assay. The pharmacokinetics of argatroban was linear over the i.v. dose range studied. The thrombin time (TT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were measured in rat plasma and they were found to linearly increase with increasing the dose. A 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model linked with an indirect response pharmacodynamic model was successfully utilized to evaluate the drug concentration-response relationship.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.321-330
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• 1997

Enrofloxacin is one of the second-generation quinolones which have been widely used to treat bacterial infections in various species including chicken, pig, horse and cattle. The objective of the present study was to describe the serum bactericidal activity(SBA) of enrofloxacin, its pharmacokinetic behaviors after intramuscular or intravenous administration to Korean native goats in the dose rate of 5mg/kg b.w. The results obtained through this study were as follows : 1. Sera collected from both sexes of Korean native goats administered 5mg/kg i.v. or i.m. showed potent antibacterial activities up to the 12 hours by way of the serum bactericidal activity. 2. Concentrations of enrofloxacin in the biological samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) so as to study pharmacokinetic characteristics. For detection of enrofloxacin, 10% TCA was optimal for protein precipitation and the mobile phase was 0.01M citric acid/methanol/acetonitrile(7/2/1, pH 3.5) with solid phase being the $C_{18}$ reversephase column and detection wavelength being 278nm. The limit of detection of enrofloxacin on HPLC was $0.05{\mu}g/ml$. 3. Pharmacokinetic profile of enrofloxacin administered 5mg/kg i.v. in Korean native goats was best described by two-compartment open model and that administered i.m. the same rate by one-compartment model. There were no sex differences in pharmacokineticl parameters. In conclusion, enrofloxacin showed potent in vivo antibacterial activity and excellent pharmacokinetic properties in Korean native goats, hence it may be used as a potential antibacterial in the veterinary clinical settings.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2013

The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FF) after oral administration was studied in the cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After single administration of FF (20 mg/kg body weight) by oral route in olive flounder ($700{\pm}50$ g, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$), the concentration in the serum was determined at 1, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 50 and 168 h post-dose. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of FF in serum were analyzed fitting to a two-compartment model by WinNonlin program. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum concentration ($C_{max}$), time for maximum concentration ($T_{max}$) and elimination time were 22.51 ${\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, 0.84 ${\mu}g/mL$, 8.62 h and 447 h, respectively. The results of this study related to dosage and withdrawal times could be used for prescription of FF in field for the treatment of bacterial diseases in olive flounder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.557-561
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• 2014

In this work, Altair Engineering's vibroacoustic modeling approach is used to simulate the acoustic signature of a simplified automobile in a wind tunnel. The modeling approach relies on a two step procedure involving simulation and extraction of acoustic sources using a high fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation followed by propagation of the acoustic energy within the structure and passenger compartment using a structural dynamics solver. The tools necessary to complete this process are contained within Altair's HyperWorks CAE software suite. The CFD simulations are performed using AcuSolve and the structural simulations are performed using OptiStruct. This vibroacoustics simulation methodology relies on calculation of the acoustic sources from the flow solution computed by AcuSolve. The sources are based on Lighthill's analogy and are sampled directly on the acoustic mesh. Once the acoustic sources have been computed, they are transformed into the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with advanced sampling and are subsequently used in the structural acoustics model. Although this approach does require the CFD solver to have knowledge of the acoustic simulation domain a priori, it avoids modeling errors introduced by evaluation of the acoustic source terms using dissimilar meshes and numerical methods. The aforementioned modeling approach is demonstrated on the Hyundai Simplified Model (HSM) geometry in this work. This geometry contains flow features that are representative of the dominant noise sources in a typical automobile design; namely vortex shedding from the passenger compartment A-pillar and bluff body shedding from the side view mirrors. The geometry also contains a thick poroelastic material on the interior that acts to reduce the acoustic noise. This material is modeled using a Biot material formulation during the structural acoustic simulation. Successful prediction of the acoustic noise within the HSM geometry serves to validate the vibroacoustic modeling approach for automotive applications.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2007

In the case of the fire outburst within a partitioned space, it can disappear inside it through smoldering process if the fire cannot obtain sufficient imflammability. On the contrary, if it obtains it, the fire is not restricted within the room, spreading to the higher levels beyond outside windows and the compartment room. The method to prevent the fire spread through windows is considered to build a balcony or equip with sprinkler facilities. This case study is to identify which effects and controlibility a balcony brings about on the spread of fire through a full scale model experiment. In order to understand the effects of fire spread on the upper levels of the room on fire by changing the length of balcony, the temperature was measured, radiant heat was investigated, and products of combustion were analyzed. The result showed that when fire occured, longer length of the balcony, which linked to the outside wall of the apartments, led to the blocking of the fire spread, lower level of radiant heat, and significantly less transfer of toxic gases, and the driving force of the outburst of flame was identified as the attractive force due to the turbulence of uncombusted gases, which exist on the upper level of the outbursting flame.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.207-215
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• 1984

Effects of Ssang Wha Tang (SWT), a blended Chinease traditional medicine, on the pharmacokinetics of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in the rats of hepatic failure induced by carbon tetrachloride were examined. The disposition of plasma BSP in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats (Group I) and in carbon tetrachloride+SWT-treated rats (Group II) followed a three-compartment model, while those in control group followed two-compartment model. GOT, GPT level and some pharmacokinetic paramiters like plasma clearance but except distribution volume (Vdss) recovered in Group II compared to Group I. Therefore, SWT seemed to have an apparent restoring effect of hepatic function damaged by carbon tetrachloride treatment. From the fact that Vdss of BSP in Group II was considered as an one of the probable mechanisms. More intensive increase in BSP-free fraction ($f_p$) in Group II than that in Group I might also explain the increases of BSP clearance and Vdss in Group II compared to Group I. Assuming no changes in hepatic plasma flow(Q) in each group, hepatic intrinsic clearance($CL^h_{int}$) decreased in Group I did not recovered not at all in Group II. Therefore SWT seemed not to have any restoring effect of true hepaticfunction to biotransform and excrete BSP, and the apparent restoring effect of SWT might be due only to the replacement of BSP-plasma protein binding. Whether $f_p$ is actually higer in Group II than in Group I, and Q is constant in each group are being examined in our laboratory. The changes of Q, which might lead to another conculusions, also should be taken into consideration to clarify the apparent hepatorestoring effect of SWT.