• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1301-1305
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• 2009

The evolution of living organisms occurs via a combination of highly complicated processes that involve modification of various features such as appearance, metabolism and sensing systems. To understand the evolution of life, it is necessary to understand how each biological feature has been optimized in response to new environmental conditions and interrelated with other features through evolution. To accomplish this, we constructed contents-based trees for a two-component system (TCS) and metabolic network to determine how the environmental communication mechanism and the intracellular metabolism have evolved, respectively. We then conducted a comparative analysis of the two trees using ARACNE to evaluate the evolutionary and functional relationship between TCS and metabolism. The results showed that such integrated analysis can give new insight into the study of bacterial evolution.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 2007

An Arabidopsis hy4 mutant that is specifically impaired in its ability to undergo blue light dependent photomorphogenesis was used to identify cryptochrome 1 signaling-related components. Proteomic analysis revealed about 205 differentially expressed protein spots in the blue light-irradiated hy4 mutant compared to the wild-type. The proteins corresponding to 28 up-regulated and 33 down-regulated spots were identified. Obvious morphological changes in the hy4 mutant were closely related to the expression of various transcription factors. Our findings suggest that blue light signals may be involved in many cellular processes including disease resistance and stress responses.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2003

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 1998

YH 1885 (5,6-dimethyl -2-(4-fluorophenylamino)-4-(1-methyl -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin -2- yl) pyrimidine hydrochloride) was developed as an antiulcer drug. The objective of this study was to examine a comparative metabolism of YH1885 in rat, dog, monkey and human liver tissues and to determine the metabolite profiles produced by the four species. YH1885 was metabolized by liver 59 fractions from all four species. Control incubations containing 59 fraction but no cofactors, contained essentially no metabolites. Metabolism of YH1885 apparently became saturated in the concentration range studied because the % of YH 1885 metabolized decreased with increasing drug concentration for all four species. Six to nine metabolite peaks were detected in the incubations and the particular profile of metabolites varied with species. The total amount of metabolites formed by liver microsomes from human and monkey were less than microsomes from rat or dog. The major metabolite peak formed by rat liver 597actions fluted near the solvent front on the HPLC or remained at the origin in TLC, indicating that it contained one or more polar metabolites. Dog liver 59 fractions incubations contained four major metabolites that each accounted for about 15 to 20 % of the total radioactivity at the low concentration of YH1885. The metabolite profiles of YH1885 appeared to be similar in incubations with rhesus monkey and human liver 59 fraction. The amount of metabolites formed by rhesus monkey liver preparations was greater than that of human liver that contained prominent metabolite peaks with approximate relative retention time of 0.14 and 0.43.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.30.1-30.11
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• 2020

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Mo) is difficult to culture, resulting in many difficulties in related research and application. Since nucleotide metabolism is a basic metabolism affects growth, this study conducted a "point-to-point" comparison of the corresponding growth phases between the Mo NM151 strain and the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) PG3 strain. The results showed that the largest difference in nucleotide metabolism was found in the stationary phase. Nucleotide synthesis in PG3 was mostly de novo, while nucleotide synthesis in NM151 was primarily based on salvage synthesis. Compared with PG3, the missing reactions of NM151 referred to the synthesis of deoxythymine monophosphate. We proposed and validated a culture medium with added serine to fill this gap and prolong the stationary phase of NM151. This solved the problem of the fast death of Mo, which is significant for related research and application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.33-33
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• 2003

Organisms have evolved to use metal ions as cofactors for many proteins involved in critical biological processes. However, these metals are highly toxic when present in excess or if released in its free reactive form, and environmental contamination by non-physiological metals has been a concern for public health.(omitted)

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.294-305
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• 2022

E3 ligase BRUTUS (BTS), a putative iron sensor, is expressed in both root and shoot tissues in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. The role of BTS in root tissues has been well established. However, its role in shoot tissues has been scarcely studied. Comparative transcriptome analysis with shoot and root tissues revealed that BTS is involved in regulating energy metabolism by modulating expression of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes in shoot tissues. Moreover, in shoot tissues of bts-1 plants, levels of ADP and ATP and the ratio of ADP/ATP were greatly increased with a concomitant decrease in levels of soluble sugar and starch. The decreased starch level in bts-1 shoot tissues was restored to the level of shoot tissues of wild-type plants upon vanadate treatment. Through this study, we expand the role of BTS to regulation of energy metabolism in the shoot in addition to its role of iron deficiency response in roots.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2015

CodY is a highly conserved protein in low G+C gram-positive bacteria that regulates genes involved in sporulation and stationary-phase adaptation. Bacillus thuringiensis is a grampositive bacterium that forms spores and parasporal crystals during the stationary phase. To our knowledge, the regulatory mechanism of CodY in B. thuringiensis is unknown. To study the function of CodY protein in B. thuringiensis, BMB171codY^- was constructed in a BMB171 strain. A shuttle vector containing the ORF of cry1Ac10 was transformed into BMB171 and BMB171codY^-, named BMB171cry1Ac and BMB171codY^-cry1Ac, respectively. Some morphological and physiological changes of codY mutant BMB171codY^-cry1Ac were observed. A comparative proteomic analysis was conducted for both BMB171codY^-cry1Ac and BMB171cry1Ac through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that the proteins regulated by CodY are involved in microbial metabolism, including branched-chain amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we found CodY to be involved in sporulation, biosynthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, growth, genetic competence, and translation. According to the analysis of differentially expressed proteins, and physiological characterization of the codY mutant, we performed bacterial one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and confirmed the direct regulation of genes by CodY, specifically those involved in metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, ribosomal recycling factor FRR, and the late competence protein ComER. Our data establish the foundation for in-depth study of the regulation of CodY in B. thuringiensis, and also offer a potential biocatalyst for functions of CodY in other bacteria.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-11
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• 1961

A comparative investigation of free amino acids content in healthy check and virus diseased leaves of Chinese date tree, Zyzyphus jujuqa Mill var. inermis Rhed, was carried out by authors throughout the growing season of 1959 and 1960 from June to October. The methods of qualitative analysis of free amino acids aplied in this experiment is followed by Moore and Stein. Free amino acids determined in this experiment are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. As the figure and the table are shown, three more amino acids such as glutamine, asparagine and histidine are detected in the diseased material. The additional amino acids which are known as diamines in diseased leaves are conspicuous. It is presumed that the diamine might be incresed by the self-reproduction of the virus in cooporation with certain enzymes which are carrying out the protein metabolism in the host protoplast in contrast with the healthy checks which is carrying out normal protein metabolism. From the histological poing of view, the facts of phloem degeneration or necrosis in diseased leaves, it seems to interrupt to move free amino acids from roots to leaves and it possibly takes place an excessive production of NH3 which is diaminated by the metabolism of nitrogen compounds in such conditioned leaves. Therefore, it is also presumed that additional diamino acids are accumulated in diseased leaves. There are no change of amino acids are accumulated in diseased leaves. There are no change of amino acids in both materials of this plant throughout the growing season qualitatively, and this result agress with the paper of Knight.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.363-375
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• 2019

Fungal sectorization is a complex trait that is still not fully understood. The unique phenotypic changes in sporadic sectorization in mutants of CpBck1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene, and CpSlt2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene, in the cell wall integrity pathway of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica have been previously studied. Although several environmental and physiological factors cause this sectoring phenotype, genetic variants can also impact this complex morphogenesis. Therefore, RNA sequencing analysis was employed to identify candidate genes associated with sectorization traits and understand the genetic mechanism of this phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis of CpBck1 and CpSlt2 mutants and their sectored progeny strains revealed a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to various cellular processes. Approximately 70% of DEGs were common between the wild-type and each of CpBck1 and CpSlt2 mutants, indicating that CpBck1 and CpSlt2 are components of the same MAPK pathway, but each component governs specific sets of genes. Functional description of the DEGs between the parental mutants and their sectored progenies revealed several key pathways, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, translation, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism; among these, pathways for secondary metabolism and translation appeared to be the most common pathway. The results of this comparative study provide a better understanding of the genetic regulation of sector formation and suggest that complex several regulatory pathways result in interplays between secondary metabolites and morphogenesis.