• The Journal of shipping and logistics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.457-474
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to analyze the efficiency of major ports in Northeast Asia such as Korea, China and Japan. For the empirical analysis, we tried to apply the data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is an efficiency evaluation model based on mathematical programming theory, and we also established a model to Northeast Asian ports. In our opinion, DEA analysis which involves multiple inputs as well as multiple outputs in its efficiency valuation makes analysis more suitable for port efficiency measurement because ports produce a number of different outputs. In this paper, we attempted to analyze the relative efficiency of 27 ports (5 Korean ports, 13 Chinese ports, 9 Japanese ports) through DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC models. According to the result, Chinese ports are relatively efficient than Korean and Japanese ports. The result of the analysis shows that 7 Chinese ports are efficient in DEA-CCR model in 2009, but in DEA-BCC model 8 Chinese ports and 1 Koran port are efficient. Most of inefficient ports have a value closed to 1 in efficiency for scale, it means that the reason of inefficiency is caused from the technical aspect. Furthermore, we also verified that there exists excess of input in Korean and Japanese ports than Chinese ports.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2022

The lunar exploration autonomous vehicle operates based on the lunar topography information obtained from real-time image characterization. For highly accurate topography characterization, a large number of training images with various background conditions are required. Since the real lunar topography images are difficult to obtain, it should be helpful to be able to generate mimic lunar image data artificially on the basis of the planetary analogs site images and real lunar images available. In this study, we aim to artificially create lunar topography images by using the location information-based style transfer algorithm known as Wavelet Correct Transform (WCT2). We conducted comparative experiments using lunar analog site images and real lunar topography images taken during China's and America's lunar-exploring projects (i.e., Chang'e and Apollo) to assess the efficacy of our suggested approach. The results show that the proposed techniques can create realistic images, which preserve the topography information of the analog site image while still showing the same condition as an image taken on lunar surface. The proposed algorithm also outperforms a conventional algorithm, Deep Photo Style Transfer (DPST) in terms of temporal and visual aspects. For future work, we intend to use the generated styled image data in combination with real image data for training lunar topography objects to be applied for topographic detection and segmentation. It is expected that this approach can significantly improve the performance of detection and segmentation models on real lunar topography images.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.17
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• pp.153-183
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• 2004

The Gaisong Merchants can be regarded to playa pioneering role to activate the Korea's trade with foreign countries. In the early period of Yi-Dynasty, the Gaisong Merchants focused on personal trade, but in the middle period of Yi-Dynasty, they entered to the realm of governmental trade. Furthermore, their business activities widened to various forms of trades, for example, smuggling. Utilizing accumulated capital, Gaisong merchants expanded their trading activities to their neighboring countries such as Japan and China. In recent times, it is necessary for modem Korean companies to diversify risks through the establishment of corporations for production, marketing and R&D abroad or through joint venture, M&A and strategic alliance with foreign companies in order to reduce the risks originated from volatile economic and political situations. In this study, we utilize tools of comparative study to compare Gaisong Merchants' foreign trade strategies with those of modem companies such as AMOREPACIFIC, HANILCEMENT and SHINDORICO. The purpose of the paper is to test the hypothesis that modem Korean companies grew up by following the cases of Gaisong Merchants' business activities. We summarize our main findings as follows. First, both Gaisong Merchants and modem Korean companies have common functional core capability in the field of marketing, manufacturing technology, R&D, and human resources development. Second, both Gaisong Merchants and modem Korean companies have common organizational core capability. Third, both Gaisong Merchants and modem Korean companies have common infrastructures such as planning, finance, accounting and MIS. It constitutes the infrastructure of Korea's foreign trade sector. Fourth, both Gaisong Merchants and modem companies have common organizational culture in the field of management policy and philosophy. Actually, those factors are evaluated to be driving forces of Koera's success in foreign trade. In conclusion, the business activities of Gaisong Merchants who represented the peculiarity of Korean business spirit are partially inherited to current Korean business management. The value system and behavior pattern of modern Korean companies is succeeded from the spirit of Gaisong Merchants and it playa major role to specify the identity of Korean business administration.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.22
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• pp.387-432
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• 2014

In this paper, I want to compare the mantra of Korean Buddhism with the jumun(呪文) of Daesoonjinrihoe in rites and cultivation. Regarding the mantra of Buddhism there are some researches, but there are few studies with regard to the jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe. The mantra of Buddhism and jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe look similar in pronouncing Hangul characters, but the religious and historical context around these seems to be different. The mantra of Korean Buddhism is associated with the introduction and diffusion process of esoteric Buddhism. In the early period of Buddhism some mantras were allowed by Buddha and the mantras were certified as a educational teaching in the period of Early Buddhist schools. In Mahayana school, the dharani that was abstracted from the vast Mahayana scriptures was developed. As Mahayana Buddhism develops, esoteric Buddhism was born in India. Esoteric Buddhism was introduced into China and was imported into Korea in Silla dynasty. In Koryo dynasty various rituals of esoteric Buddhism flourished and Jineunjong(眞言宗) and Chongjijong(總持宗) school were formed. In Chosun dynasty Buddhism was suppressed by government and the esoteric school was discontinued. But in rituals and cultivation the mantra and dharani were flourished in the latter part of Chosun dynasty. In modern period several esoteric schools were formed and developed. In present context the mantra was recited by many people in Korea. Main mantras are 'Om mani padme hum', 'Dharani of Avalokitesvara(神妙章句大陀羅尼)', 'neungumju(楞嚴呪)', 'Gwangmyung mantra(光明眞言) etc. The jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe was started by Kang Jeungsan(姜甑山) who was believed to be a God by Daesoonjinrihoe believers. Jeungsan used several existed mantras in creating new heaven and earth and made new jumuns by himself and taught them to his followers. Cho Jungsan(趙鼎山) who succeeded to the doctrines has received the jumuns by Jeungsan. He selected the jumuns to recite and determined the method how to spell these. Park Hankyung(朴漢慶) who opened Daesoonjinrihoe succeeded the rituals and doctrines. Every day ritual of Daesoonjinrihoe is chanting the jumun and the cultivation and gongbu(工夫) is practiced through jumun. Important jumuns of Daesoonjinrihoe are Taeulju(太乙呪) and Kidoju(祈禱呪). In the aspects of ritual, the mantra of Buddhism and the jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe perform a similar function. The mantra of Buddhism has the context of the doctrines of Buddhism and the method of Buddhistic practicing but the jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe is related to Jeungsan's teaching and the doctrines of Daesoonjinrihoe. But it is same that the mantra and jumun are used in communicating or uniting with ultimate reality. So the mantra and jumun are important vehicles for homo religius to meet the sacred and unite with the sacred and is regarded as the sacred word by the faithful which has a lot of symbols and meanings.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.387-407
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• 2005

This paper is to study globalization motives and strategies of Japanese and Korean industries by analyzing the causes and patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI) of the firms of the two countries during the 1980s and 1990s. First we develop a FDI function from the profit maximizing model of firms. Then we use regression analysis to determine internally driving-out factors and externally-inducing factors. Japanese FDI strategy has gone through three different stages; from natural resource-seeking investment in the 1950s and 1960s to market-expansion investment in the 1970s and 1980s and to a combination of cost-reducing (low-cost labor-seeking) investment and market-penetrating investment in the 1990s. On the other hand, Korean FDI behavior has gone through four different stages; from the learning stage with small investments in the 1970s, to natural resource-seeking investment in the early and mid 1980s, to the growth stage in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, to the maturity stage of the mid and late 1990s. The last two stages were characterized by a combination of cost-reducing investment and market-seeking investment. As a late comer, Korea began its FDI two decades later than Japan, but caught up the patterns of Japanese FDI by the mid 1990s and is in a competing position with Japan. Our findings show that both Japanese FDI and Korean FDI in Asia and other developing countries tendto be in labor-intensive sectors where their firms are losing their comparative advantages at home. The main motive for FDI into these regions is low-cost resource seeking. On the other hand, both Japanese FDI and Korean FDI in the U.S. and Europe tend to be knowledge-intensive sectors where Japanese and Korean firms attempt to internalize transaction and information costs by globalizing its production. The main motive for FDI into these regions is market-seeking. Firms in both countries have increased their investments in Mexico and Western and Eastern Europe in order to penetrate large economic blocs such as the EU and NAFTA area. Korean firms are more aggressive in expanding into new and untested markets than are their counterpart in Japan. Evidence of this can be seen in the scarcity of Japanese FDI and abundance of Korean FDI in Eastern Europe and China.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.185-206
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• 2013

Recent studies validate the idea that consumer judgment of products can affect consumer purchase intentions. Consumers judge products based on product quality, after sales satisfaction, and other visible values, but consumers also judge products on country-of-origin image, brand image and such intangible values. In this paper, we will examine consumer ethnocentrism and animosity, which are frequently responsible for country-of-origin prejudices, because the offending (i.e. exporting) nation has engaged in economic, political, or even military activities that the consumer finds difficult to forgive. The results of the study show a positive effect of product judgment on consumer purchase intentions, but consumer ethnocentrism and animosity negatively affect product judgment and consumer purchase intentions of foreign products. In the Chinese market, ethnocentric Chinese consumers have negative perceptions of foreign products with negative intentions to buy them. Chinese consumers have strong animosity for Japanese products, which negatively affect product judgments and purchase intentions to buy; therefore, Japanese corporations should increase cooperation with Chinese corporations. Conversely, for Korean companies, product judgment primarily affects consumers' intentions to buy; consequently, Korean companies should improve their product quality, after-sales satisfaction, brand image and other tangible aspects to improve consumer judgment.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.321-346
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• 2011

This is a preliminary study in order to deal intensively with the overall characteristics of Korean military science in the future days. First off, the history of military science of China based on the precedent studies was recapitulated, and a comparative study on the acceptance process of the books on military art and science, as well as on understanding patterns of literati on the subject through literature searches, ranging from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Goryeo Dynasty in Korean peninsula, was conducted. In case of Korea, the Chinese books on military strategy, including Sun Tzu's the Art of War, had already been passed down during the Three Kingdoms Period, and broadly read by scholarly people. They had utilized diverse methods based on their knowledge of Confucianism. In the reference materials, the authors of Korean military strategy books had greatly relied upon the Chinese books on military strategies, however, they had made the military principles run in their own way. At the end of Goryeo Dynasty, 'Military Science' had been well established as a subject in academia, and this curriculum had been taught not only at the National Confucian Academy, Seonggyun-gwan, in the capital but also at the country public school ("Hyanggyo") in the province together with Confucianism. Because of the limits of reference materials, however, it was difficult to confirm whether or not such strategic experiences were actually led to the publication of the books on military art and science, or how many books on military strategies and tactics had been published up until the end of Goryeo Dynasty. But, the facts that there were not many publications of the books on military strategies during the era of Three Kingdoms and of Goryeo Dynasty don't mean that Korean military science had entirely relied upon the Chinese military art and science. For instance, such strategies, tactics and leaderships as exhibited in the process of the Great Victory at Salsu River ("Salsu Daecheop") achieved by General Eulji Mun-deok, as well as the Great Victory at Gwiju ("Gwiju Daecheop") achieved by General Kang Gam-chan could never happen by chance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1415-1419
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• 2010

Consumption of green tea has increased along with increasing concern regarding healthier lifestyles, and many brands of green tea are sold with a label indicating the region of Korea in which the tea was produced. However, there is little information on identifying the difference between the green tea cultivars according to the region they were grown. Here, 9 green tea cultivars collected from Hadong region, Bosung region, China and Japan were subjected to the STS-RFLP analysis. Using the coding and noncoding DNA regions of genes related to the phenylpropanoid pathway, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, we have identified the differences between green tea cultivars according to the region they were grown in. In this study, we showed a STS-RFLP method of green tea analysis which easily distinguished different kinds of tea using the primers as described. In addition, we identified that the green tea cultivars from Hadong and Bosung displayed a different profile when PAL intron was digested with Dde I, suggesting that a rapid authentication system for green tea cultivars grown in different regions in Korea is available.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.57
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• pp.31-55
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• 2018

Professor Dowon (道原) Lew, Seung-Kook (柳承國: 1923~2011) was a master of Eastern philosophy in Korea, in the 20th century. 'Confucianism' was the root of his discipline. Nevertheless he studied extensively throughout Eastern philosophy. He was also a pioneer of 'Korean Philosophy', who devoted himself to 'establishing the original form (原型) of Korean thought'. Professor Lew showed a unique view on how Confucian thought was formed. He has done many years of precise comparative analysis of the results of archaeological studies before 1970, particularly the study of bone-and-shell inions, and what was said in previous literature. As a result, he concluded that "we cannot discuss the origins of Confucian thought by separating the relationship with the Dongyi tribe". Confucianism was formed in relation to Dongyi. The purpose of his attention to the Dongyi tribe - RenFang tribe (人方族) was not to examine Dongyi tribe and its culture. His purpose was to examine how Confucian thought was formed and to examine the relevance of Dongyi tribe in this process. This was in conjunction with the task of exploring 'the original form of Korean thought', whether he pretended or not. Professor Lew, Seung-Kook's theory differed not only from the conventional view of the academic world in his time but also from the conventional view up to now. It is a pity that it was not yet discussed it in the academic world. I consider that it is necessary to seriously review Professor Lew and Seung-Kook's theory at this point when China has outlined the Northeast project (東北工程).

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.30
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• pp.47-70
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• 2023

In 2019, the first excavation survey was conducted at the Temple Site No. 4 of Yaksugok Vally in Namsan Mountain, Gyeongju to determine the original location of the headless stone Buddha statue and the structure of the temple site. The survey excavated a stone Buddha head that was confirmed in a comparative analysis to be petrologically and mineralogically identical to a headless stone seated Buddha statue found derelict nearby. Traces of gold leaf and black adhesive were found on a portion of the right side of the face of the Buddha head buried in the ground. Since it is exceedingly rare for lacquer and gilding techniques to have been applied to a large stone Buddha statue without a base layer, this study examines the gilding techniques of the time by analyzing the characteristics of the materials used. In this process, the structure of the gold foil was observed through analytical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and the gold (Au) component was identified. As a result of analyzing the black adhesive using pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis-GC/MS), pyrolysis compounds such as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, catechol, and catechol oxidation products were detected. This was identical to the characteristics identified upon analyzing lacquer collected from species of lacquer tree whose main component is urushiol. Therefore, it was confirmed that the stone Buddha head excavated from the Temple Site No. 4 of Yaksugok Valley was separated from a nearby stone seated Buddha statue, and that the gold foil was attached using lacquer sap collected from lacquer trees, which grow in Korea, China, and Japan.