• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.139-147
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• 2015

This study deals with actual commuting distance and influence of risk factors depending on commuting distance and mode in order to reestablish actual commuting zone of primary school students. Data mining analysis(CHAID) was applied for this reestablishment using survey results from 6,927 primary school students in Seoul Metro. Six risk factors; convenience level of commuting path condition, convenience level of road crossing condition, vehicle speed on commuting path, segregation level between commuter and vehicle, congestion level of commuting path, and public security level and two mode; walking and cycle are considered in the analysis. As the results of CHAID analysis, commuting distance was divided into four zones; Internal Zone(0.491km under), External Zone(0.492 ~ 1.492km, 1.493 ~ 2.699km), Commutable Zone(2.70km over), and awareness level on safety is declined as commuting distance is increased. The risk factor affecting on safety is recognized differently by students depending on commuting distance and mode. For students commuting by walking, vehicle speed on commuting path and convenience level of commuting path condition are recognized as the prime risk factor within Internal Zone and Commutable Zone, respectively. For students commuting by cycle, convenience level of road crossing condition and vehicle speed on commuting path are recognized as the prime risk factor within Commutable Zone. Analysis results show that improved plan and program for commuting path for primary school students are required considering actual commuting distance and method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2009

This study is aimed at identifying the association of commuting behavior with health for workers in the Korea Capital Region. The study surveyed a total of 1,285 commuters whose major work is deskwork-oriented; the authors obtained their health status on body form, blood pressure and cholesterol as well as their commuting behavior. The measures of the latter were comprised of a main commuting mode, a use term, out-of-vehicle time, total travel time, transit transfer, and alternative mode in order to identify the amount of physical activity obtained through commuting behavior. The results indicate that non-automobile commuters are positively associated to improve their health status, as compared to car commuters. Specifically, bus commuters and walkers had decreased weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol, while rail commuters are only correlated to relieving cholesterol. In addition, the measures for health are improved as out-of-vehicle time increases. For commuters who drive to work, their health status tends to be worse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

This Study aims at investigating actual condition on attending school road of children and analyzing empirically the characteristics of cognition and the influence of safety on school road. This study findings are as follows : 1) Walking alone to go to school is the highest rates among Commuting Mode, and Commuting distance to school is nearly doubles than range of school zone(300 m). 2) Among characteristics of urban spatial structure affecting on influence classify safety of school road, 'Commuting Distance' has been drawn to most influential variable. Especially, there are 4 types classified by commuting distance and it became obvious that the longer the distance, the lower the safety score(under 127 m=76.9 points, Over 451 m=58.3 points). 3) As a result of investigating the influence of Safety on attending school road, Vehicle commuting speed urder 127 m as internal of school zone, and Walking and crossing convenience over 451 m as external of school zone have a lot of influence on safety cognition on school road. Therefore Safety on school road should be considering the commuting distance to school among surrounding characteristics, needed for improvement plan and program based on real safety cognition of children.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.79-87
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• 2023

In recent years, the population of children has been declining in Korea. Moreover, the phenomenon of elementary school closures is on the rise, particularly in non-urban and some new city areas, highlighting the need for school buses for children. Despite the mandatory safety features in place, accidents involving school buses for children are on the rise, underscoring the need for improvement in the safety of these vehicles. While various studies have been conducted to enhance the safety of children during their school commute, there has been a notable gap in research analyzing the school commuting environment concerning the vehicle safety of these buses. Hence, this study aims to develop a set of service evaluation criteria for school bus routes, considering vehicle safety through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). By conducting a survey to gather information on the current status of school buses for children and through questionnaires targeting stakeholders in the school bus sector, the study analyzed requirements and operating conditions. These results were used to select evaluation criteria and structure the hierarchy based on the external and internal aspects of school bus services. Through AHP surveys conducted based on the designed criteria, experts identified safety as the most crucial aspect, with a specific emphasis on Vehicle Safety. Using these developed service evaluation criteria, the study plans to identify service-vulnerable routes through a real route analysis and recommend improvements, with the ultimate goal of creating a safe and convenient school commuting environment for children.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2009

Only limited information is available as regards to the exposure levels of naphthalene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(MAHs) in the interiors of diesel-fueled passenger cars, while many studies investigated the exposure levels of various volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the interiors of gasoline-fueled passenger cars or public buses. Present study was performed to supplement this deficiency by measuring naphthalene (as a representative of PAHs) and MAHs levels inside five diesel-fueled and five gasoline-fueled passenger cars while morning and evening commuting on real roadways. Each car was surveyed five times on different sampling days. The in-vehicle naphthalene levels were higher for the diesel-fueled cars as compared to gasoline-fueled cars, whereas the results were reversed for the in-vehicle MAH levels. The median cabin levels of diesel-fueled cars were 1.3, 7, 13, 4, and 6 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for naphthalene, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and m,pxylene, respectively. With respect to gasoline-fueled cars, their respective levels were 0.7, 11, 21, 7, and 9 ${\mu}g/m^3$ . The median MAHs concentration ratios of gasoline-fueled cars to diesel-fueled cars ranged from 1.50 to 1.75, while the median naphthalene concentration ratio was estimated to be 0.54. In addition, there was no significant difference of both naphthalene and MAHs between the diesel-fueled cars, but the in-vehicle levels were significantly different between gasoline-fueled cars. The concentration levels of both naphthalene and MAHs were higher in the passenger cars than other non-industrial microenvironments. Consequently, it was confirmed that the cabins of both diesel-fueled and gasoline-fueled passenger cars are an important microenvironment associated with the exposure to naphthalene and MAHs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 2022

Prototype UAMs are shown to us in the market. When the complete product is delivered to market, the efficiency of each UAMs can be compared by default. Before the complete product is shown to us, the comparative study on efficiency of UAMs is performed under the product cost estimation. The efficiency analysis result reveals that both of Lift & Cruise type and vectored thrust type show good efficiency at the initial stage of product. At the near terms stage, five years later from initial stage end, efficiency gets some change. Vectored thrust type of UAMs show best efficiency at the near term stage of product. Because UAMs will be used in urban area, Seoul is the place where the UAMs will be used first. The flying route from Seoul City Hall to Yongsan Park, National Assembly in Yeouido, and City Airport is no more than 10 km distance. For this short distance route, efficiency will make multi-rotor type UAM be prefered to other types. For long distance route or commuting route, life & cruise type and vectored thrust type of UAMs will be prefered on account of operational efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2001

This study included three experiments to evaluate in-vehicle exposures to PM10 and CO: 1) evaluation of in-passenger car exposures, 2) evaluation of in-public bus exposures, and 3) simultaneous evaluation of in-passenger car and in -university bus exposures. The tests of four factors (transportation mode, passenger-car type, commute period, and commute season were focused. A total of 40 actual passenger car commuters, 20 public bus commuters, and four university buses were recruited or surveyed. The same commuters ware participated in both the summer and winter studied. Two factory such as transportation mode and passenger-car type were found to have little effect on the in-vehicle levels of PM10 and CO. Commute period was found to have little effect on the in-vehicle CO levels. Conversely, the other factor, commuting season was found to influence on the in-vehicle levels of PM10 and CO. The present study also confirmed that under the Korean commute conditions, vehicle interiors are an important microenvironment for exposure to PM10 and CO. This was supported by finding that the in-vehicle Air levels were much higher than ambient air levels reported by several previous studies. The mean in -vehicle PM10 concentrations were 114 and 103$\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$for passenger cars and public buses, respectively. For CO, the mean in-vehicle concentrations were 2.9 and 2.6 ppm for passenger cars and public louses, respectively.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2019

In this paper, we selected commuting scenarios in the most congested metropolitan area in Korea, and conducted noise analysis during personal air vehicle (PAV) operation using aviation environmental design tool (AEDT)software which was developed by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Noise is the second important factor after safety in order to operate PAVs through concepts such as ODM (on-demand mobility) introduced by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Noise analysis were performed by modeling low-noise ePAVs as commercial helicopters and predicted residential suitability in order to resolve problems in which accurate NPD (noise power distance) data from PAVs were not released. The application of noise reduction technology such as electric propulsion has significantly reduced noise exposure levels and has reached the conclusion that commuting with PAVs is feasible without noise problems in the metropolitan area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.428-430
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• 2018

Accidents of commuting vehicles for kindergarteners and nursery school students continue to occur despite various safety policies from the government. In order to minimize such accidents, it is necessary to use both the vehicle-mounted safety commutation management software which can be easily operated by the driver, and the mobile app to manage the safe schooling of the children that can inform such information to parents timely. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the safety management software architecture.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.117-136
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• 2024

Demand-Response Transit (DRT) is public transportation that operates on flexible routes according to user requests via smartphone apps and vehicle terminals. In DRT, user preference factors are generated based on the operational method, such as wait time after calling, approach time to the boarding point, in-vehicle time, detour time (if any), and egress time after arrival. Through an SP survey, this study investigated which of these factors citizens are most sensitive to. The survey presented two DRT alternatives consisting of five attribute variables, and asked respondents to choose the preferred mode, examining two situations: commuting and leisure travel. The analysis showed that wait time after calling was the strongest factor for both commuting and leisure travel, whereas boarding point access time had the weakest influence. However, sensitivity to detours was found to be more than twice as important in leisure travel compared to commuting. The results of this study are expected to contribute to improving user satisfaction and system efficiency by differentiating optimization targets according to the time of day in DRT operations.