• 대한지리학회지
• /
• 제38권
• /
• pp.15-36
• /
• 1988

In this paper, I consider the development of methods in contemporary human geography in terms of a dialectical relation of action and structure, and try to draw a new horizon of method toward which geographical research and spatial theory would develop. The positivist geography which was dominent during 1960s has been faced both with serious internal reflections and strong external criticisms in the 1970s. The internal reflections that pointed out its ignorance of spatial behavior of decision-makers and its simplication of complex spatial relations have developed behavioural geography and systems-theoretical approach. Yet this kinds of alternatives have still standed on the positivist, geography, even though they have seemed to be more real and complicate than the previous one, The external criticisms that have argued against the positivist method as phenomenalism and instrumentalism suggest some alternatives: humanistic geography which emphasizes intention and action of human subject and meaning-understanding, and structuralist geography which stresses on social structure as a totality which would produce spatial phenomena, and a theoretical formulation. Human geography today can be characterized by a strain and conflict between these methods, and hence rezuires a synthetic integration between them. Philosophy and social theory in general are in the same in which theories of action and structural analysis have been complementary or conflict with each other. Human geography has fallen into a further problematic with the introduction of a method based on so-called political ecnomy. This method has been suggested not merely as analternative to the positivist geography, but also as a theoretical foundation for critical analysis of space. The political economy of space with has analyzed the capitalist space and tried to theorize its transformation may be seen either as following humanistic(or Hegelian) Marxism, such as represented in Lefebvre's work, or as following structuralist Marxism, such as developed in Castelles's or Harvey's work. The spatial theory following humanistic Marxism has argued for a dialectic relation between 'the spatial' and 'the social', and given more attention to practicing human agents than to explaining social structures. on the contray, that based on structuralist Marxism has argued for social structures producing spatial phenomena, and focused on theorising the totality of structures, Even though these two perspectives tend more recently to be convergent in a way that structuralist-Marxist. geographers relate the domain of economic and political structures with that of action in their studies of urban culture and experience under capitalism, the political ecnomy of space needs an integrated method with which one can overcome difficulties of orthhodox Marxism. Some novel works in philosophy and social theory have been developed since the end of 1970s which have oriented towards an integrated method relating a series of concepts of action and structure, and reconstructing historical materialism. They include Giddens's theory of structuration, foucault's geneological analysis of power-knowledge, and Habermas's theory of communicative action. Ther are, of course, some fundamental differences between these works. Giddens develops a theory which relates explicitly the domain of action and that of structure in terms of what he calls the 'duality of structure', and wants to bring time-space relations into the core of social theory. Foucault writes a history in which strategically intentional but nonsubjective power relations have emerged and operated by virtue of multiple forms of constrainst wihthin specific spaces, while refusing to elaborate any theory which would underlie a political rationalization. Habermas analyzes how the Western rationalization of ecnomic and political systems has colonized the lifeworld in which we communicate each other, and wants to formulate a new normative foundation for critical theory of society which highlights communicatie reason (without any consideration of spatial concepts). On the basis of the above consideration, this paper draws a new norizon of method in human geography and spatial theory, some essential ideas of which can be summarized as follows: (1) the concept of space especially in terms of its relation to sociery. Space is not an ontological entity whch is independent of society and has its own laws of constitution and transformation, but it can be produced and reproduced only by virtue of its relation to society. Yet space is not merlely a material product of society, but also a place and medium in and through which socety can be maintained or transformed.(2) the constitution of space in terms of the relation between action and structure. Spatial actors who are always knowledgeable under conditions of socio-spatial structure produce and reproduce their context of action, that is, structure; and spatial structures as results of human action enable as well as constrain it. Spatial actions can be distinguished between instrumental-strategicaction oriented to success and communicative action oriented to understanding, which (re)produce respectively two different spheres of spatial structure in different ways: the material structure of economic and political systems-space in an unknowledged and unitended way, and the symbolic structure of social and cultural life-space in an acknowledged and intended way. (3) the capitalist space in terms of its rationalization. The ideal development of space would balance the rationalizations of system space and life-space in a way that system space providers material conditions for the maintainance of the life-space, and the life-space for its further development. But the development of capitalist space in reality is paradoxical and hence crisis-ridden. The economic and poltical system-space, propelled with the steering media like money, and power, has outstriped the significance of communicative action, and colonized the life-space. That is, we no longer live in a space mediated communicative action, but one created for and by money and power. But no matter how seriously our everyday life-space has been monetalrized and bureaucratised, here lies nevertheless the practical potential which would rehabilitate the meaning of space, the meaning of our life on the Earth.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.117-131
• /
• 2005

이 연구의 목적은 세 행동체계(기술적, 의사소통적, 해방적 행동)에 따라 개발한 중학교 기술$\cdot$가정 주생활 영역 목표에 대해 교과 담당 교사가 인식하는 각 목표의 중요도를 알아보는 것이다. 중요도 인식에 대한 자료는 전국 중학교 기술$\cdot$가정과 교사를 대상으로 체계적 무선 표집을 통해 183개교에서 303부를 우편 설문지법으로 2003년 9월 1일-30일까지 한달 동안 수집하고, SPSS/WIN 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 세 행동체계별 주생활 영역 목표는 9학년 기술$\cdot$가정 교과서와 교사용지도서 8종에 실린 주생활 단원의 목표에다 미국 오하이오주의 교육과정 가이드와 한국 교육과정 평가원에서 제시한 주생활 영역의 교육목표와 내용기준을 참고하여 개발하였다. 각 내용요소별 세 행동체계 목표는 $\ulcorner$생활공간의 활용$\lrcorner$ 단원 11개 요소 $\ulcorner$실내 환경의 조절$\lrcorner$ 단원 7개 요소 $\ulcorner$주택의 유지와 보수$\lrcorner$ 단원 3개 요소 둥 총 21개 내용 요소에 대해 각각 세 행동체계 목표, 총 63개 목표를 개발하였다. 기술$\cdot$가정과 교사들은 세 행동체계에 따라 진술한 목표 가운데 해석적 행동체계로 진술된 목표를 가장 중요하게 인식하고 있었고, 다음은 기술적 행동체계, 해방적 행동체계 순이었다. 주생활 영역 전체에서는 해석적 행동체계 목표가 가장 중요하지만 중단원별로 보면 세 행동체계별 목표 중요도가 다소 차이가 있었다. 기술적 행동체계 목표는 세 중단원별로 중요도가 비슷한 반면, 해석적 행동체계 목표는 $\ulcorner$주택의 유지와 보수$\lrcorner$ 중단원 보다는 $\ulcorner$실내 환경과 설비$\lrcorner$ 중단원에서 더 중요하고, $\ulcorner$생활공간의 활용$\lrcorner$ 중단원은 해방적 행동체계 목표를 다른 두 중단원보다 덜 중요하게 인식하였다. 이러한 결과는 차기 교육과정과 교과서 개발과정에 고려되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 세 행동체계별 주생활 영역 세부 목표의 중요도는 기술적 행동체계 중에서는 '에너지 사용을 최소화하면서 쾌적한 실내 온도를 유지하는 방법을 말한다'를 , 해석적 행동체계 중에서는 '생활쓰레기가 사회 환경에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 인식한다'를 , 해방적 행동체계 중에서는 '좋은 환경 만들기 운동을 통하여 친환경적 가치관을 형성한다'를 가장 중요하게 인식하고 있어 가정과 교사들은 사회적 목표와 현실에 직면한 실천적 문제로 구성된 목표들을 가장 중요하게 인식하는 것을 알 수 있다. 세 행동체계별 주생활 영역 목표 중요도는 교사의 일반적 특성에 따라 다소 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 연령이 많거나 교직경력이 긴 교사가 그렇지 알은 교사보다 기술적 행동체계 목표들을 중요시하였으며, 여성 교사, 가정 전공 교사가 그렇지 않은 교사보다 해석적, 해방적 행동목표를 더 중요하게 인식하고 있었다. 특히 가정교육 철학을 배운 경험이 있는 교사가 그렇지 않은 교사보다 해방적 행동체계 목표를 중요시하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구 결과는, 실천 비판적인 가정 교과의 본질을 구현하기 위해서는 주생활 영역의 교육과정에 기술적, 해석적, 해방적 행동에 대한 목표들을 고루 포함하여야 하며 특히 교사들이 중요하게 인식하는 해방적 행동에 대한 목표를 강조하여 적용할 필요가 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.111-127
• /
• 1997

This study was to examine home economics (HE) teachers' and the 1st-grade students' needs perception toward the purposes of HE education in middle school which has been practced since 1995 for both male and female students. This study, attempted (1) to analyze needs priority among the educational purposes of HE subject in relation to three systems of actions; (2) to compare differences between HE teachers' and students' perception concerning the degree of importance and achievement of the educational purposes of HE subject: and (3) to examine what they conceive as the problems In the current HE education. The survey was conducted with the samples of 600 1st-grade middle school students and 101 middle school HE teachers during the period of February-March 1996. The questionnaire used in this study was a modified version which had already been developed along with the 6th HE curriculum. For data analyses, SAS program was utilized to get Means and to perform both discrepancy test and t-test. The findings of this study were summarized as follows: first, with respect to each group's perception of the importance of the purposes related to three systems of action, HE teachers emphasized the importance of the purposes related to emancipatory action, while students placed more emphasis on the purposes related to technical action. Second, in terms of the degree of achievement, students had more positive perception on the degree of achievement of the purposes related to technical action than HE teachers did. Both groups marked low level of recognition on the degree of achievement of the purposes related to emancipatory action. Third, with respect to needs priority, HE teachers placed the first priority on emancipatory action, the second on technical action, and the last on communicative action: in the case of students, the first priority was on technical action, the second on communicative action, and the last on emancipatory action. In addition, the analysis of the opinions on the 6th curriculum revealed that most respondents found it necessary to secure adequate amount of classes for HE education. Also they shared the recongnition that HE curriculum should be renovated into the one which would fully appreciate the purposes of HE education from the perspective of the practical concerns of action which are distinct from the functional and technical concerns of passive learning. The findings of this study can serve as basic data for establishing the new purposes of HE education which put more emphasis on the purposes related to emancipatory action: as well as for developing an enhanced curriculum and reinforcing the identity of HE education.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.76-86
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of scientific argumentation and its development in the process of mutual discussion activities by elementary school students in the 5th grade. The results of this study can be summarized as below: First, students used diversity argumentation components for solving the given argumentation theme, however, most students used the assertion or the basis of a simple expression of their own thoughts as a high ratio, and components of a one directional explanatory argumentation process rather than components of a mutual communicative argumentation process. Second, an asymmetric group showed a high-use ratio of communicative argumentation components and achieved argumentation activities harmoniously between a symmetric group and an asymmetric group in organization of groups for solving argumentation themes. It was found that students in the transitional period showed the highest rate of participation within the discussion process. Moreover, they also showed the highest rate of development of discussion skills whilst in the process of using scientific problems. In conclusion, this phenomenon is caused by highlighting the mutual action between the teacher and the student rather than placing an emphasis on the mutual action among students during field instructions.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.53-69
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to develop a Home Economics curriculum for high school students based on practical problems focusing on Food and Nutrition. This study developed practical-problem based approach to curriculum development. This curriculum provided a series of the objectives, contents, learning activities, and assessments. The objectives were divided into process objectives and content objectives. The objectives focused on three systems of action which were technical action, communicative action, and emancipatory action. The contents of this curriculum focused on three practical problems； 1) What should I do regarding my well-being\ulcorner ； 2) What should I do regarding my family’s well-being\ulcorner ； 3) What should I do regarding my society’s well-being\ulcorner The cooperative learning strategies were mainly used in this curriculum. Students were assessed through learning experiences and achievement.

• 한국언론정보학보
• /
• 제71권
• /
• pp.224-249
• /
• 2015

이 연구는 루만의 체계 이론을 통해, 2013년 12월에 발생한 '안녕들 하십니까?(이하 안녕들)' 현상을 분석했다. 루만에 따르면 커뮤니케이션은 타아에 의해 선택된 정보와 선택된 전달을 자아가 선택적으로 이해함으로써 시작하고 성립된다. 이때 이해는 내용의 수용과는 별개로, 그것은 후속 커뮤니케이션의 쟁점이다. 이처럼 선택을 토대로 한 커뮤니케이션의 설명은 안녕들 현상에 잘 적용되며, 아울러 커뮤니케이션에 대한 해석을 심화시킨다. 특히 안녕들 현상이 가져오는 후속 커뮤니케이션의 파생에 대한 해석을 위해 루만의 커뮤니케이션 이론은 적절하다. 안녕들 현상은 '안녕하지 못한 정치'에 대해 특정한 의미를 발생시키며 후속 커뮤니케이션을 지속적으로 유발하는 자기 생산적 체계다. 아울러 반박 대자보나 심지어 대자보 훼손 행위도 안녕들 현상이 발생시킨 '안녕하지 못한 정치'에 대한 부정을 야기하는데, 이 또한 커뮤니케이션의 중요한 요소다. 따라서 대자보는 안녕들 체계의 '안녕하지 않음'을 상징적으로 일반화한다고 볼 수 있다. 그래서 대자보 훼손은 안녕들 체계와는 근본적으로 구별되는 커뮤니케이션으로 관찰될 수 있다. 안녕들 체계는 대자보를 통해 사회에 더 나아간 커뮤니케이션을 시도하고 후속 커뮤니케이션을 기대한다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.185-200
• /
• 1997

In this study the meaning of well-being and welfare of home has been analyzed and a new direction in which home economics should advance has been suggested, This study not only would help the characteristics of home economics be properly understood and its displinary position take its own place but also a conceptual analysis which might be uncommon in the studies of learned circles of Korean home economics would be a basis for establishing the uniqueness of the discipline named by home economics. Based on the critical theory of Habermas it has been demonstrated that well-being and welfare of home have been emphasized unfairly in the physical and technical aspects and such a partial pursuit of positivism and purposive rationality of scientific technology has resulted in the situation that home would be gradually encroached and controlled by the social system pursuing purposive rationality. As an alternative to overcome this kind of problems communicative rationality that has em hasis on the process of intersubjective understanding and agreement has been focused. The meaning of well-being and welfare of home has been established through the classification of family life actions in to technical action practical action and emancipatory action, And the characteristics of them have been examined and ideal directionns of each element have been discussed.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 1996

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the rank of purposes of Korean secondary school home economics education related to three systems of action: technical, communicative, and emancipatory action by home economics(HE) teachers and HE teacher educators, (2) to compare differences between HE teachers and HE teacher educators concerning the degree of importance and achievement of the purposes of current Korean secondary school HE education. Respondents in this study were 225 HE teachers and 35 HE teacher educators. The survey method was used in this descriptive study. To determine the rank, Borich's needs assessment model was used. The data were analyzed by using t-test to compare the differences between the two groups. To promote a good life and the full development of human beings, to develop creative and critical thinking, to make morally defensible judgments, and to develop self-esteem were needed purposes for Korean secondary school HE education. Overall, the most high ranked purpose needs for both groups related to emancipatory action. The two groups were significantly different on the degree of the importance of evaluating family and social conditions, acquiring the skills needed as a wage earner and a homemaker, developing creative and critical thinking, and demonstrating proficiency of homemaking work. The teachers and teacher educator groups were significantly different on the degree of the achievement of making morally defensible judgments, understanding Korean traditional culture, and taking care of each other.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.107-125
• /
• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라와 미국의 고등학교 가정교과서 식생활 단원을 Habermas의 세 행동체계에 따라 분석하여 세가지 행동체계가 교과서의 학습 목표와 활동과제에 어떻게 반영되어 있는지 알아보는 데 있다. 이러한 목적을 이루기 위해서 우리나라 고등학교 '기술·가정', '가정과학', 미국 고등학교 'Succeeding in life and career' 교과서에서 식생활 단원의 학습목표와 활동과제를 Habermas의 세 행동체계를 기준으로 내용분석 기법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석방법은 문장을 통해 맥락 파악이 명확한 것을 해당 행동체계에 상응시켰다. 분석과정에서 한 개로 묶여 있지만 학습 활동이 여러 가지로 되어있으면서 행동체계가 달리 나타나는 경우에는 2가지 이상의 행동체계가 통합되어 있는 것으로 분석하였다. 우리나라 고등학교 '기술·가정', '가정과학' 교과서와 미국 고등학교 교과서' Succeeding in life and career' 식생활 단원의 학습 목표와 활동과제 수는 각각 3개, 26개, 248개로 나타났다. 우리나라 교과서는 의사소통적 행동의 비율이 '기술·가정' 교과서 66.7%, '가정과학' 교과서 50%로 가장 많은 것으로 나타났고, 미국 교과서는 기술적 행동의 비율이 66.5%로 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 기술적 행동과 관련된 활동과제들은 음식을 만들거나, 건강이나 음식에 대한 정보를 조사하거나, 조리 실험 등이 있었다. 의사소통적 행동과 관련된 활동과제들은 건강, 식사 예절과 관련된 역할극을 하거나, 직업 인터뷰나 설문 조사를 하여 결과를 작성하는 활동 등이 있었다. 해방적 행동과 관련된 활동과제들은 건강과 음식과 관련하여 봉사프로젝트 등 사회에 참여하는 활동이나, 식생활에서 일어나는 문제를 찾아 실천적 추론을 통해서 최선의 해결방안을 생각해보는 것이 있었다.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.24-33
• /
• 2015

Against the backdrop of Habermas' theory of communicative action, we empirically analyzed the level of interactivity and narratives offered in nation-states' ministry of foreign affairs Web sites. A multiple regression analysis was performed in an attempt to identify factors affecting the level of interactivity in such Web sites. Findings revealed that the level of economic development is the sole significant factor in regards to the level of interactivity. Further, self-interested, goal-directed, and strategic purposes behind the allegedly transparent, engaging, and interactive public diplomacy were evidenced through a critical analysis of the objectives, key issues, and target publics addressed and highlighted in the public diplomacy narratives on the Web. The results suggested a possible digital divide in the interactive adoption of Web public diplomacy as well as strategic motives and interests embedded in the public diplomacy communication on the Web. This study helps increase our understanding of the paradox of public diplomacy in the digital age.