• 제목/요약/키워드: Common channel

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STD와 MCS 레벨 선택 방식을 고려한 AMC-MIMO 결합 시스템의 성능개선 (Performance Improvement of the combined AMC-MIMO system with STD and MCS level selection method)

  • 황인태;이경환;최광욱;류상진;강민구;김철성
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.374-384
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    • 2007
  • 본 논문에서는 AMC-V-BLAST(Adaptive Modulation and Coding-Vertical-Bell-lab Layered Space-Time) 결합 시스템에 각 레이어 별로 독립적인 MCS(Modulation and Coding Scheme) 레벨을 적용한 경우의 시스템 구조를 제시 후 성능을 관찰한다. 또한 AMC-V-BLAST 결합 시스템에 STD(Selection Transmit Diversity)와 독립적인 MCS 레벨을 적용 후 전송률 성능을 살펴본다. 그리고 공통적인 MCS 레벨이 적용된 결합 시스템의 성능에 비하여 어느 정도의 전송률 향상이 있는가를 살펴본다. 실험결과, 독립적인 MCS 레벨이 적용된 경우가 레이어 별로 각 채널상태에 따라 최대한의 전송률을 얻기 위한 변조 및 코딩 방식이 선택되므로 공통 MCS 레벨을 적용한 경우에 비하여 전송률 성능이 우수함을 보였다. 특히 독립적인 MCS 레벨을 적용한 AMC-V-BLAST결합 시스템의 약 $7dB{\sim}9dB$ SNR구간에서 700kbps 이득을 보였고, 동일한 SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio)구간에서 STD와 독립적인 MCS 레벨을 적용한 AMC-V-BLAST 결합 시스템은 350kbps 개선을 확인하였다.

사용자 제작 콘텐츠의 활성화 요인에 대한 정성적 연구: 구비문학 이론을 중심으로 (A Qualitative Study on Facilitating Factors of User-Created Contents: Based on Theories of Folklore)

  • 정승기;이기호;이인성;김진우
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.43-72
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    • 2009
  • Recently, user-created content (UCC) have emerged as popular medium of on-line participation among users. The Internet environment has been constantly evolving, attracting active participation and information sharing among common users. This tendency is a significant deviation from the earlier Internet use as an one-way information channel through which users passively received information or contents from contents providers. Thanks to UCCs online users can now more freely generate and exchange contents; therefore, identifying the critical factors that affect content-generating activities has increasingly become an important issue. This paper proposes a set of critical factors for stimulating contents generation and sharing activities by Internet users. These factors were derived from the theories of folklores such as tales and songs. Based on some shared traits of folklores and UCC content, we found four critical elements which should be heeded in constructing UCC contents, which are: context of culture, context of situation, skill of generator, and response of audience. In addition, we selected three major UCC websites: a specialized contents portal, a general internet portal, and an official contents service site, They have different use environments, user interfaces, and service policies, To identify critical factors for generating, sharing and transferring UCC, we traced user activities, interactions and flows of content in the three UCC websites. Moreover, we conducted extensive interviews with users and operators as well as policy makers in each site. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data, this research identifies nine critical factors that facilitate contents generation and sharing activities among users. In the context of culture, we suggest voluntary community norms, proactive use of copyrights, strong user relationships, and a fair monetary reward system as critical elements in facilitating the process of contents generation and sharing activities. Norms which were established by users themselves regulate user behavior and influence content format. Strong relationships of users stimulate content generation activities by enhancing collaborative content generation. Particularly, users generate contents through collaboration with others, based on their enhanced relationship and specialized skills. They send and receive contents by leaving messages on website or blogs, using instant messenger or SMS. It is an interesting and important phenomenon, because the quality of contents can be constantly improved and revised, depending on the specialized abilities of those engaged in a particular content. In this process, the reward system is an essential driving factor. Yet, monetary reward should be considered only after some fair criterion is established. In terms of the context of the situation, the quality of contents uploading system was proposed to have strong influence on the content generating activities. Among other influential factors on contents generation activities are generators' specialized skills and involvement of the users were proposed. In addition, the audience response, especially effective development of shared interests as well as feedback, was suggested to have significant influence on contents generation activities. Content generators usually reflect the shared interest of others. Shared interest is a distinct characteristic of UCC and observed in all the three websites, in which common interest is formed by the "threads" embedded with content. Through such threads of information and contents users discuss and share ideas while continuously extending and updating shared contents in the process. Evidently, UCC is a new paradigm representing the next generation of the Internet. In order to fully utilize this innovative paradigm, we need to understand how users take advantage of this medium in generating contents, and what affects their content generation activities. Based on these findings, UCC service providers should design their websites as common playground where users freely interact and share their common interests. As such this paper makes an important first step to gaining better understand about this new communication paradigm created by UCC.

Distribution of Phytoplankton Pigments in the Korea Strait

  • Park, Mi-Ok;Moon, Chang-Ho;Yang, Han-Soeb;Park, Jeon-Sook
    • Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.95-112
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    • 1999
  • To investigate a phytoplankton community structure and its biomass distribution in the Korea Strait, phytoplankton pigments were quantitatively measured by HPLC method, with hydro-graphic conditions in August and October, 1996. The measured chi. a concentrations were in the range of 7.1-1,280.7 ng/1. Horizontal distribution pattern of chi. a in summer (August) was very different from that of autumn (October). High concentration of chi. a occurred near the coast with relatively low salinity (< 33%). Vertically, the highest concentrations of pigments at most of the stations were found near the surface and above the thermocline. The maximum concentration of chi. a in October was four times higher than in August. It was notable to measure relatively high concentration of chi. b up to 190.8 ng/1 in the study area, since chi. bcontaining green algae and prochlophytes have been ignored because of their minute size and sensitivity to common preservatives. Major carotenoids detected were fucoxanthin, zeaxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, and prasinoxanthin. Diatoms were the dominant group with secondary important groups as pryrnnesiophytes and cyanobacteria for the biomass of phytoplankton for both cruises. The dominant species of diatoms in summer were Thalassiosira sp. and Chaetoceros peruvianus. As minor groups, prasinophytes, crysophytes, and cryptophytes were confirmed by their marker pigments and dinoflgellates by microscopical observation. Degradation products of chi. a was minor. Interestingly, at 200 m depth of St A4, the deepest station in the western channel of the Korea Strait, substantial amounts of chi. a including fucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, chi. b, and degradation products of chi. a was measured from both cruises. Higher concentration (2-3 times) of those pigments were detected from samples in summer than in autumn. Small decrease in concentration of phosphate at this depth of St. A4 was also observed. It suggested that this bottom cold water was transported from the subsurface water with biomass of active phytoplankton, which was sunk and flowed southward.

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FMT 변조 기반의 해상 초단파 데이터 시스템의 구현 알고리즘 및 성능분석 (Implementation Algorithms and Performance Analysis of Maritime VHF Data System Based on Filtered Multi-Tone Modulation)

  • 박옥선;안재민
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제38C권3호
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    • pp.254-262
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    • 2013
  • 본 논문은 해상 초단파 대역에서 데이터 통신이 가능한 FMT(Filtered Multi-Tone) 변조 기반의 디지털 무선전송기술을 소개하고 선박국의 송신기 특성을 기준으로 시뮬레이션 성능과 시스템 시험 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 CSTDMA(Carrier Sensing Time Division Multiple Access) 방식을 적용하기 위한 프레임 구조와 프로토콜을 도출하였고, ITU-R M.1842-1에 제안된 변조 기술, 스펙트럼 마스크와 지연시간 등의 시스템 특성을 만족하도록 기저대역 모뎀과 RF 송수신단을 구현하였다. 이와 같이 본 시스템은 해상이동서비스용 초단파 대역에서 50kHz-100kHz의 광대역 채널과 디지털 무선전송기술을 도입함으로써 데이터 전송속도를 최대 307.2kbps까지 증가시킬 수 있으며 e-Navigation을 위한 데이터 통신뿐만 아니라 선상에서 로컬 WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)과 연결하여 다른 데이터 서비스도 쉽게 제공할 수 있다.

Takayasu's Arteritis 환자에서 약에 의해 유발된 치은 비대 (DRUG INDUCED GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA IN TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS : DENTAL CONSIDERATION)

  • 김수현;최아미;송제선;김성오;최병재;이효설
    • 대한장애인치과학회지
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.36-38
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    • 2013
  • Takayasu's arteritis 환자의 치과 치료 시 침습적인 치과 술식 전 심내막염 가능성을 고려하여 예방적 항생제를 투여한다. 복용 약물에 의해 치은증식이 발생할 수 있으므로 약물의 적용에 관한 의과적 자문이 필요하다.

비선형 chirp 신호를 이용한 수중음향통신 (Underwater Acoustic Communication Using Nonlinear Chirp Signal)

  • 이창은;김기만;김우식;천승용;이상국
    • 한국음향학회지
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    • 제33권4호
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    • pp.255-261
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    • 2014
  • 본 논문에서는 수중음향통신에서 비선형 chirp 변조 신호를 사용하는 방법을 제안한다. 과거 대부분의 수중음향통신에서는 반송파의 크기, 주파수 또는 위상에 정보를 실었다. 이에 반해 제안된 방법은 심볼 내에서 반송파의 주파수 변화율에 정보를 포함하게 된다. 특히, 반송파로 비선형 chirp 신호의 일종인 하이퍼볼릭 주파수 변조 신호를 사용하는 경우, 도플러 채널에서 강한 특성을 가진다. 제안된 방법은 시뮬레이션을 통해 기존 방법과 비교 및 분석하였다. 제안된 방식과 선형 주파수 변조 신호를 갖는 기존 방식을 비교하였을 때 도플러 편이가 있는 경우 제안된 방법의 오차 확률이 평균 5~12 % 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 제안된 방법의 성능을 분석하기 위해 해상실험이 수행되었다.

Nitric Oxide-cGMP-Protein Kinase G Pathway Contributes to Cardioprotective Effects of ATP-Sensitive $K^+$ Channels in Rat Hearts

  • Cuong, Cang Van;Kim, Na-Ri;Cho, Hee-Cheol;Kim, Eui-Yong;Han, Jin
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.95-100
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    • 2004
  • Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been accepted as a heart protection phenomenon against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. The activation of ATP-sensitive potassium $(K_{ATP})$ channels and the release of myocardial nitric oxide (NO) induced by IPC were demonstrated as the triggers or mediators of IPC. A common action mechanism of NO is a direct or indirect increase in tissue cGMP content. Furthermore, cGMP has also been shown to contribute cardiac protective effect to reduce heart I/R-induced infarction. The present investigation tested the hypothesis that $K_{ATP}$ channels attenuate DNA strand breaks and oxidative damage in an in vitro model of I/R utilizing rat ventricular myocytes. We estimated DNA strand breaks and oxidative damage by mean of single cell gel electrophoresis with endonuclease III cutting sites (comet assay). In the I/R model, the level of DNA damage increased massively. Preconditioning with a single 5-min anoxia, diazoxide $(100\;{\mu}M)$, SNAP $(300\;{\mu}M)$ and 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-pCPT-cGMP) $(100\;{\mu}M)$ followed by 15 min reoxygenation reduced DNA damage level against subsequent 30 min anoxia and 60 min reoxygenation. These protective effects were blocked by the concomitant presence of glibenclamide $(50\;{\mu}M)$, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) $(100\;{\mu}M)$ and 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, Rp-isomer (Rp-8-pCPT-cGMP) $(100\;{\mu}M)$. These results suggest that NO-cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway contributes to cardioprotective effect of $K_{ATP}$ channels in rat ventricular myocytes.

다채널 표면 플라즈몬 공명 영상장치를 이용한 자기조립 단분자막의 표면 분석

  • 표현봉;신용범;윤현철
    • 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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    • pp.74-78
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    • 2003
  • 본 논문에서는 금속의 표면 플라즈몬 공명으로 인한 금속-유전체 경계면에서의 국소적 전자기장의 강화 효과를 이용하여 표면 플라즈몬을 유발하는 금 박막을 유리 기판위에 증착하고, 프리즘 커플러를 이용한 소산장의 공명 흡수현상을 이차원 영상 으로 얻었다. 특히 DNA/단백질 칩 등 향후 가능한 다채널 시스템에의 응용을 고려하여11-MUA, 11-MUOH 등 자기조립 단분자막(SAM)을 크롬 마스크와 리토그래피, 그리고 Shadow mask와 광 산화반응을 이용하여 금 표면 위에 패터닝 하였다. 텅스텐-할로겐 램프와 중심파장이 ${\lambda}_0=633$ nm의 대역통과 필터를 사용하여 이 평행광을 프리즘 커플러에 입사시켜 반사되어 나오는 반사광의 이차원 영상을 얻었다. 이와는 별도로 ${\lambda}_0=633$ nm의 레이저를 이용하여 단분자막이 코팅되어 있을 때와 없을 때의 공명각의 변화를 관찰하였다. 얻어진 이차원 영상의 위치에 따른 화소 값의 변화를 단분자 막의 두께의 변화에 따라 보정하고, 알려진 매질의 SPR 특성을 Fresnel 방정식에 따라 이론적으로 계산하면 다채널 표면 영상으로부터 항원-항체 등 단백질의 결합 정도를 정량적으로 측정할 수 있다.

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선택대안의 수와 소비자의 제품에 대한 친숙도가 점포 내 구매결정에 미치는 영향 (The Influence of the Number of Alternatives and Product Familarity on Consumer Purchase Decisions)

  • 하환호;현정석
    • 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.97-122
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    • 2006
  • 유통업체는 다양한 상품구색을 갖는 것이 좋다는 생각이 일반적이다. 그리나 최근 연구들은 선택대안의 수를 증가시키는 것이 오히려 소비자 선택을 떨어뜨린다고 한다. 본 연구는 선택대안의 수가 늘어나는 맥락에서 소비자 구매결정에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 결과, 본 연구에서는 선택대안의 수가 실제 고려제품군의 크기에 해당하는 $3{\sim}9$개인 경우, 선택대안의 수가 늘어남에 따라 비선택 비율이 줄어드는 것(선택 비율이 증가하는 것)을 알 수 있었다. 특히 선택대안의 수가 선택여부에 미치는 영향은 지배적 대안이 없을 때보다는 있을 때 더 높게 나타났다. 그리고 대안의 수와 함께 소비자의 제품에 대한 친숙도가 선택여부에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 지배적 대안이 있을 경우에는 친숙도가 선택여부에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 지배적 대안이 있을 경우에는 소비자의 제품에 대한 친숙도는 자체적으로는 선택여부에 영향을 미치지 않고, 대안의 수와 상호작용을 통해 선택여부에 영향를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 실무적 시사점과 연구의 한계점에 대해 논의하였다.

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강활(羌活)이 가토(家兎) 혈관평골근(家兎 血管平滑筋)의 긴장성(緊張性) 조절(調節)에 미치는 영향(影響) (The Effects of Notopterygii Rhizoma on the Carotid Arterial Tension in Rabbit)

  • 장규태;김장현
    • 대한한방소아과학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.163-181
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    • 1998
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the Rhizoma on the blood pressure, heart rate and to define the mechanism of Notopterygii Rhizoma-induced relaxation in rabbit common carotid arterial contracted by agonists. Method : In order to explore the effect of Notopterygii Rhizoma on the blood pressure and heart rate, Notopterygii Rhizoma extract was injected in vein of rabbit ear. In order to investigate the effect of Notopterygii Rhizoma on norepinephrine(NE)-induced contracted rabbit carotid arterial strips, transverse strips with intact or damaged endothelium were used for the experiment using organ bath. To analyze the mechanism of Notopterygii Rhizoma-induced relaxation, Notopterygii Rhizoma extract infused into NE-induced contracted strips induced by agonists after treatment of methylene blue, propranolol, ouabain and it infused into serotonin, potassium chloride-induced contracted strips. Result : The blood pressure was significantly decreased by Notopterygii Rhizoma, but heart rate was insignificantly. In addition, Notopterygii Rhizoma significantly relaxed the norepinephrine, serotonin, potassium-induced contracted strips with intact endothelium or damaged endothelium. The relaxing effect of Notopterygii Rhizoma In NE-induced contracted strips with damaged endothelium by pretreatment of methylene blue, propranolol was not changed, but Ouabain was significantly decreased. Conclusion : These results were shown that Notopterygii Rhizoma affected the NE -induced contracted smooth muscle without the participation of endothelium, and demonstrated that the mechanism of NotoDtervgii Rhizoma-induced relaxation was the obstruction of receptor-operated Ca2+ channel.

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