• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.643-650
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• 2017

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a group of heterogeneous diseases with the common feature of cerebral hypoperfusion. To identify key factors contributing to VaD pathophysiology, we performed a detailed comparison of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). Eight-week old male Wistar and SD rats underwent BCCAo, followed by a reference memory test using a five-radial arm maze with tactile cues. Continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was performed with a laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) system. A separate cohort of animals was sacrificed for evaluation of the brain vasculature and white matter damage after BCCAo. We found reference memory impairment in Wistar rats, but not in SD rats. Moreover, our LDPI system revealed that Wistar rats had significant hypoperfusion in the brain region supplied by the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Furthermore, Wistar rats showed more profound CBF reduction in the forebrain region than did SD rats. Post-mortem analysis of brain vasculature demonstrated greater PCA plasticity at all time points after BCCAo in Wistar rats. Finally, we confirmed white matter rarefaction that was only observed in Wistar rats. Our studies show a comprehensive and dynamic CBF status after BCCAo in Wistar rats in addition to severe PCA dolichoectasia, which correlated well with white matter lesion and memory decline.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.443-448
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• 1986

Aortic dissection is a serious disease that mortality does not approach to zero despite of medical and surgical improvement. Recently two cases of aortic dissection were treated with good results by the two other methods. Case 1 [57-Y-0-Male]; Chief complaint was chest pain radiating to the back. Preoperatively he was controlled by Minipress, dichlotride, & sodium nitroprusside. Aortography showed DeBakey Type III aortic dissection extending from just below the Lt. subclavian artery to the proximal portion of the origin of the renal artery. Through the midline long incision Flow reversal & Thrombo-exclusion method was used, and bypass course was proximal anastomosis at the ascending aorta - through the Rt. thoracic cavity - midportion of the diaphragm - posterior to the liver, stomach, & pancreas - distal anastomosis at the abdominal aorta proximal to its bifurcation. Bypass graft was preclotted 20 mm Dacron Woven Graft, and the aortic arch between the Lt. subclavian artery & Lt. common carotid artery was divided and meticulously sutured. Control aortogram which was done at 4th postoperative month revealed obstruction of the false lumen by thrombosis, and complications were not noticed. Case 2 [53-Y-0-Male]; Chief complaint was chest pain radiating to the abdomen. DeBakey Type III aortic dissection which was similar to the case 1 was detected by the aortography, and involvement of the Lt. subclavian & common carotid arteries was suspicious. Through the Lt. posterolateral thoracotomy the Ringed Intraluminal Sutureless Graft, No. 22 mm, was inserted from just below the Lt. common carotid artery to the midportion of the descending thoracic aorta under total circulation arrest using a F-F bypass, and the Lt. subclavian artery was ligated. Postoperatively hospital course was uneventful with antihypertensive drugs, and any specific complications were not noticed.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.32.1-32.14
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• 2024

Background: Aortic arch (AA) branching patterns vary among different mammalian species. Most previous studies have focused on dogs, whereas those on raccoon dogs remain unexplored. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the AA branching pattern in raccoon dogs and compare their morphological features with those of other carnivores. Methods: We prepared silicone cast specimens from a total of 36 raccoon dog carcasses via retrograde injection through the abdominal aorta. The brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) branching patterns were classified based on the relationship between the left and right common carotid arteries. The subclavian artery (SB) branching pattern was examined based on the order of the four major branches: the vertebral artery (VT), costocervical trunk (CCT), superficial cervical artery (SC), and internal thoracic artery (IT). Results: In most cases (88.6%), the BCT branched off from the left common carotid artery and terminated in the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. In the remaining cases (11.4%), the BCT formed a bicarotid trunk. The SB exhibited various branching patterns, with 26 observed types. Based on the branching order of the four major branches, we identified the main branching pattern, in which the VT branched first (98.6%), the CCT branched second (81.9%), the SC branched third (62.5%), and the IT branched fourth (52.8%). Conclusions: The AA branching pattern in raccoon dogs exhibited various branching patterns with both similarities and differences compared to other carnivores.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.282-286
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• 2018

True extracranial carotid artery aneurysms (ECCAs) are uncommon. Atherosclerosis is the most common etiological factor. Neck pain, a pulsatile mass and murmur at auscultation are the most common symptoms. ECCAs may exhibit severe clinical manifestations due to complications. Cases of rupture can be fatal. There is a risk of distal embolization and stroke in thrombosed cases. We discuss two cases of enlarged ECCA treated surgically in the light of the most recent literature.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.330-336
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• 1989

The patient was 47-year-old male who had suffered from aphasia and hemiplegia of the right side, but mental state was alert. On physical examination, BP was 130/80 mmHg in the right arm, but not checked in the left arm. The pulses of the left common carotid, brachial, and radial arteries were not palpable. The pulses of the right femoral, popliteal, and dorsalis pedis arteries were weakly palpable. Brain CT Scan revealed cerebral infarction of the left hemisphere. Aortogram showed occlusion of the left common carotid, and the right internal carotid and common iliac arteries. Subclavian steal phenomena were observed in the delayed aortogram. Double extra-anatomic bypasses; Axillo-Axillar bypass and Femora-Femoral bypass, were performed in the local anesthesia at two stages, because of risk of major operation under general anesthesia. Postoperatively, all pulses except for pulse of the left common carotid artery were equally palpable. On discharge, the hemiplegia of the right side was improved and able to walk with assistance.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2018

Objective : Duplication of the vertebral artery (VA) is a rare vascular variant. This paper describes the anatomy and embryological development of duplicated VAs and reviews the clinical significance. Methods : Computed tomography (CT) angiography was performed in 3386 patients (1880 females, 1506 males) between March 2014 and November 2015. We defined duplication of the VA as a condition in which the VA has two origins that fused at different levels of the neck. Results : Ten of the 3386 patients (0.295%) who received CT angiography had a dual origin of the VA; three on the left side, and seven on the right side. In all seven with right dual origin of the VA, both limbs of the VA origin originated from the right subclavian artery. In all three patients with left dual origin of the VA, both limbs of the VA originated from the left subclavian artery and aortic arch. In all 10 patients, the medial limb of the duplicated VA was located posteriorly and medially to the common carotid artery (CCA) and anteriorly and laterally to the vertebral transverse foramen. In two patients, the medial limb of the duplicated VA was located in close proximity to the CCA. In another two patients, the medial limb of the duplicated VA was located in close proximity to the CCA, carotid bifurcation, and proximal internal carotid artery. Conclusion : Although duplication of the VA is asymptomatic in most patients, clinicians should consider this anomaly during diagnosis and treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.745-752
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• 2005

Purpose : Adolescent obesity is known to be associated with complications such as hypertension, coronary artery disease and insulin resistance. We measured the common carotid artery by ultrasound as a predictor of atherosclerosis, and investigated the relationship between carotid artery parameters and serum cytokines in obese adolescents. Methods : Twenty-nine obese adolescents(16-17 years old, obesity index>130 percent) and twentyseven normal controls were included. Obesity index and body mass index were calculated from their height and weight. Skin fold thickness was measured at the triceps, and fat mass and fat distribution by bioelectrical impedence analysis. Blood pressure was measured at resting state and serum lipid, insulin, and homocysteine levels after a 12-hour fasting period. Intimal wall thickness, systolic and diastolic diameters of the common carotid artery were measured by ultrasound, and compliance and distensibility calculated by equation. Results : Systolic and diastolic diameters of the carotid artery significantly correlated with arm circumference, body mass index, fat distribution and fat mass. The higher systolic blood pressure was, the larger systolic and diastolic diameter. The higher diastolic blood pressure was, the larger carotid intimal thickness. Insulin levels had positive correlations with systolic, diastolic diameters and serum homocysteine level with intimal thickness. Conclusion : The carotid artery diameter significantly increased with the degree of obesity and blood pressure. The carotid intimal wall thickness significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure. Measurement of carotid artery thickness, insulin and homocysteine levels might be useful to predict the development of coronary artery disease.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

1. Objectives: This study is to investigate the relationship between Intima Media Thickness(IMT) of common carotid artery and Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods: 839 persons, over 40 years old, participated in community-based cohort of Korea Genome and Epiedemiology Study (KOGES) in Wonju City and Pyeongchang City of South Korea from June 2006 to February 2008. The diagnosis of Common carotid Intima Media Thickness was evaluated by B Mode ultrasonography, cardiovascular risk factors were checked using questionnaire and blood samples. Constitution was verified by a Sasang constitution specialist according to the results of PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), facial photos and a simplified Sasang constitutional questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed with SPSS. 3. Results: There were significantly high values in waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HOMA-IR and hsCRP in Taeeumin and low in HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in Taeeumin. There were significantly high value in Common Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Taeeumin. Age was the significant cardiovascular risk factor irrespective of Sasang constitution in all participants. There was a positive correlation between smoking and Soyangin in all participants and men. There were positive correlations between LDL-cholesterol, BMI and Taeeumin in all participants and men. There were positive correlations between hsCRP and Soeumin in all participants and men. There was significantly high odds ratio of Taeeumin over Soeumin in common carotid Intima Media Thickness. 4. Conclusions: Regimens on cardiovascular diseases should be considered according to Sasang constitution. There are more sensitive risk factor in each constitution; smoking in Soyangin, LDL-cholesterol and BMI in Taeeumin, hsCRP in Soeumin.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.391-396
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to present basic research data to utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular disease of middle aged and oldest-old aged people. We retrospectively analyzed middle-aged group (average age of 44.2 year-old, 43 males, 26 females) and oldest-old aged group (average age of 84.7 year-old, 58 males, 71 females) who taken MRI screening for ischemic cerebrovascular disease from May 2006 year to January 2008 year. The intracerebral vascular were classified into 8 vessels, which anterior communication artery (ACoA), posterior communication artery (PCoA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery(CCA), and basilar artery (BA). The result of middle-aged group showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases appeared in men than women, and it affected in MCA mostly. In oldest-old aged group, ischemic cerebrovascular diseases occurred evenly spaced in intracerebral region of right, left, and both vessels, and women have more than men. For men, the most occurred in ICA and for women the most occurred in MCA. Specially middle-aged group in men showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in MCA appeared than oldest-old aged group in men. It is suggested that the analysis on ischemic cerebrovascular could be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.282-285
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• 2004

Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is an anomaly with a reported incidence of 0.5% to 2%. Most patients with an ARSA remain asymptomatic; however about to% of adult patients have compressive symptoms. A case is reported of a 64-year old female patient who had a few years of history of dysphagia and recurrent pneumonia. Angiography was performed, which demonstrated an ARSA with common origin of the right and left carotid arteries. Surgical correction was performed via right thoracotomy. The proximal aberrant artery was mobilized behind the esophagus. The distal, right subclavian artery was exposed, transected, and transposed with reimplantation into the aortic root by graft bypass.