• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.13-19
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• 2009

In order to produce high quality paper at the lowest cost in high speed, typically various polyelectrolytes as retention aids were used. Retention systems such as single polymer system, dual polymer system, and microparticle system were used. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes of retention, drainage, formation and fracture toughness depending on types of retention system, molecular weight of C-PAM and dosage sequences of agents. When single polymer system was applied, retention was increased with poor formation and drainage. When common microparticle system(C-PAM/bentonite) was used, high molecular weight PAM gave high retention and fast drainage, but poor formation. When the microparticle system with reverse dosage sequence(bentonite/C-PAM) was used, low molecular weight PAM gave high retention, fast drainage and good formation. When various retention agents were applied, fracture toughness was increased than that of blank. When using high molecular weight PAM and consequently causing excessive flocculation, fracture toughness was decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.179-186
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• 2010

In this research, an effective method for absolute positioning of feature points is proposed, which is applicable to geo-referencing of terrestrial LiDAR data scanned in dense urban areas. GPS positioning, common in absolute positioning, is apt to fail in the presence of signal disturbancein dense urban circumstances, while traditional surveying methods, including traversing and leveling, are generally more costly for wider areas. The idea is that reference points, marked on top of buildings, are surveyed by GPS positioning and then feature points are relatively positioned from the reference points. The present method, if laser scanning is accompanied, gets two advantages; one is that less feature points need to be surveyed because they can be substituredby reference points, and the other is that laser scanning can be more stably carried out. The present method was shown, from the experiments, to be cost-effective against traditional ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.388-393
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• 2012

Recently, various attempts are made to increase the efficiency of railway freight transport including bulk cement, the most important transport item of railway transport market. The major seven cement companies have started common use of private bulk cement car since April 2008 for the efficiency of railway freight transport. At that time, major seven cement companies owned 75% of whole bulk cement car. Railway companies forecasted that this project will decrease the amount of cost and transport time of freight car. With these data, it analyzed the effectiveness of the joint use of freight car on actual used data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.250-250
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• 2012

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and polymer light emitting diodes (PLED) have been regarded as the candidate for the next generation light source and flat panel display. Currently, the most common OLED industrial fabrication technology used in producing real products utilizes a fine shadow mask during the thermal evaporation of small molecule materials. However, due to high potential including low cost, easy process and scalability, various researches about solution process are progressed. Since polymer has some disadvantages such as short lifetime and difficulty of purifying, small molecule OLED (SMOLED) can be a good alternative. In this work, we have demonstrated high efficient solution-processed OLED with small molecule. We use CBP (4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolebiphenyl) as a host doped with green dye (Ir(ppy)3 (fac-tris(2-phenyl pyridine) iridium)). PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) and TPD (N,N'diphenyl-N,N'-Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine) are employed as an electron transport material and a hole transport material. And TPBi (2,2',2''-(1,3,5-phenylene) tris (1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole)) is used as an hole blocking layer for proper hole and electron balance. With adding evaporated TPBi layer, the current efficiency was very improved. Among various parameters, we observed the property of OLED device by changing the thickness of hole transporting layer and solvent which can dissolve organic material. We could make small molecule OLED device with finding proper conditions.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.158-162
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• 2014

Background Loss of nipple projection is a common problem following nipple reconstruction. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the use of a tightly rolled dermal graft is effective in the long-term maintenance of nipple projection. Methods Nipple reconstruction was performed using the C-V flap technique. A dermal graft was harvested from the dog-ear portion of previous scars. The graft was rolled tightly into a compact cylinder and used to augment the nipple reconstruction. Postoperatively, stacked Allevyn dressing was used for protecting the nipple from compression for a minimum of two months. Nipple projection was measured at the time of surgery and at 12 months postoperatively. Results Forty nipple reconstructions were performed using this technique. There were 19 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flaps, 10 latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps, and 11 tissue-expanded breast mounds. At one year, the mean projection was 0.80 cm (range, 0.62-1.22 cm). The twelve-month average maintenance of nipple projection was 70.2% for the TRAM flap group, 76.3% for the LD flap group, and 61.8% for the tissue-expanded group. In two patients with previous irradiation of the reconstructed breasts, relatively poor maintenance of nipple projection was noted (45.7%). No complications were noted, and all of the donor sites healed well primarily. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the use of a C-V flap with a tightly rolled dermal graft for nipple reconstruction improves the long-term maintenance of nipple projection. Its advantages include reproducibility, technical simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and minimal donor site morbidity.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.154-161
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• 2015

A novel process has successfully been developed by overcoming major difficulties through the elimination of number of process steps involved in the Classical Transesterification reaction during the preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl/Ethyl Ester (FAME.FAEE) called biodiesel. The Classical process with cost intensive process steps such as the utilization of excess alcohol, needing downstream distillation for the recovery and reutilization of excess alcohol/cosolvent, unrecoverable homogenous catalyst which consumes vast quantity of fresh distilled water during the purification of the product and downstream waste water treatment before its safe disposal to the surface water body. The Novel Process FAME/FAEE is produced from any vegetable oil irrespective of edible or inedible variety using sonication energy. The novelty of the finding is the use of only theoretical quantity of alcohol along with a co-solvent and reduced quantity of homogeneous catalyst. Under this condition neither the homogeneous catalyst goes to the FAME layer nor is the distillation needed. The same ester also has been prepared in high pressure high temperature reactor without using catalyst at sub critical temperature. The quality of prepared biodiesel without involving any purification step meets the ASTM standards. Blended Biodiesel with Common Diesel Fuel (CDF) and FAME is prepared, characterized and used as fuel in the Kirloskar make CI Engines. The evaluation of the engine performance result of pure CDF, B05 biodiesel, B10 biodiesel of all types of biodiesel prepared by using the feedstock of Soybean (Glycine max) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnate) oil along with their mixed oil provides useful information such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, etc, and established it as ideal fuel for unmodified CI engine.

• IE interfaces
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2012

In the past, buyers and suppliers met each other to find common interests off-line in exhibitions and conferences, or through personal connection. These activities were time consuming and costly. With the advent of information era, these activities moved to online market places, where buyers search for suppliers with a set of keywords that are believed to be representative of their requirements. Its fundamental assumption is that all the potential candidates are registered in a certain database. However, recently buyers want to diversify suppliers due to needs of cost competitiveness or frequent new product development. To this end, instead of choosing suppliers from the supplier pool, discovering suppliers from all over the world should be emphasized. In order to enable buyers to describe their requirements and suppliers to capture their manufacturing capabilities via online market places, the semantic differences of terms between buyers and suppliers should be resolved. The paper summarizes various supplier discovery frameworks and prototype systems, which can be employed to expose domestic small-medium enterprises into global buyers in the near future.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.269-280
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• 2008

The information flow through RFID techniques such as, standardized EPC and EPCglobal network suggests new change in the method of cooperating and sharing information in the supply chain. Common function should be prepared for communication, security techniques, and business processes based on the EPCglobal standard to introduce efficient RFID techniques. And the standard architecture which can deal with the RFID environment flexibly is quite necessary. Therefore, this paper suggests Enterprise Application Framework (EAF) for developing efficient and secure RFID applications. EAF offers essential services to develop RFID enterprise systems : a communication environment which uses various standard communication protocols, a security function based on PKI, and abstract business services for flexible introduction of RFID businesses. It simplifies the RFID business integration, minimizes the development complexity, and thus EAF is expected to reduce the cost of RFID application development. EAF guarantees constructing secure RFID applications due to PKI-based security mechanism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.586-596
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• 1998

The relevance and importance of buffalo production under coconut plantations in the North Westen Province of Sri Lanka was studied in three districts (Bingiriya, Pannala, Kuliyapitiya). The objective of the study was to collect baseline information on socioeconomic and cultural aspects of buffalo production, with a view to promote and disseminate new technologies. The survey technique used consisted of a formal survey using a structured questionnaire (71 households) and rapid appraisal (55 households). The results indicate the existence of a wide stratification of dariy farmers which ranged from skilled dairy operators with high levels of production and management of efficiency to marginal subsistence farmers with low levels of productivity. The most frequent family size of households ranged from 4-5 members (58%), and the average family size was 4.7. The actual average land ownership accounts to 2.4 ha of upland and 0.5 ha of lowland, but when their accessibility to common property resources are taken into account, the land availability was assessed at 13 ha and 0.7 ha of upland and lowland, respectively. The highest average monthly income (Rs. 13,590) was received by farmers with off-farm employment (primary) who are also engaged in livestock production (secondary), and livestock contributed 43% of the total income. Livestock farmers who practised integrated crop farming as a secondary source of income received a monthly income of Rs. 10,843, and those involved in crop production as the primary source received the lowest average income (Rs. 7,295). The survey revealed a high investment cost on concentrate feeds (47%) for milk production. However some farmers obtained higher milk yields (11 litres/cow/day) at lower ration costs, and this could be attributed to the entrepreneurship skills and management efficiency. The study area had a well developed market infrastructure for fresh milk, principally due to the existence of the Nestle's company and the Coconut Triangle Milk Union. On an average the producer collected Rs. 10 per litre of milk marketed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4665-4667
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• 2012

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in Laos women and a screening programme, even with the PAP smear test (PAP test), has yet to be established for routine use. The Pap test is accepted as the most appropriate for cervical cancer screening in some settings but it is not commonly available in Laos hospitals, because there are few cytopathologists and gynecologists have little experience. As a pilot program, seminars for the PAP test were given in 2007 and 2008, and then PAP tests were carried out using self-sampling instrument (Kato's device) with 200 healthy volunteers in Setthathirath hospital, Laos, in 2008. The actual examination number was 196, divided into class I 104 (53.1%), class II 85 (43.3%), class IIIa 4 (2.0%), class IIIb 1 (0.5%), and class V 1 (0.5%) by modified Papanicolau classification. Four cases had menstruation. There were 6 cases with epithelial cell abnormalities including malignancy. There were 7 cases with fungus and 2 cases with trichomonas in Class II. More than 70% volunteers felt comfortable with the Kato's device and wanted to use it next time, because of the avoidance of the embarrassment and a low cost as compared with pelvic examination by gynecologists. This first trial for PAP test for healthy Laos women related to a hospital found three percent to have abnormal cervical epithelial cells. Therefore, this appraoch using a self-sampling device suggests that it should be planned for cervical cancer prevention in Laos.