• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.216-226
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• 2022

In this study, we selected and trained 9 people in the diaphragm training group and 9 people in the power-breath training group among elderly people aged 65 or older living in the community, and investigated the effect of combined training using respiratory equipment on lung function, balance, and life satisfaction. We conducted the elderly to do combined exercises, twice a week for a total of 6 weeks, that include the breathing training by diaphragm, the breathing training using Power-breath equipment, and the training using a theraband. We evaluated the changes in the lung function, the balance, and the life satisfaction before and after the intervention for our study subjects.As a result of our measurement, lung function, balance, and life satisfaction showed significant changes in the experimental group that performed the combined training using Power-breath equipment. As a result of the study, we confirmed that the elderly in the community had a positive effect on the life satisfaction by improving lung function and balance ability after conducting a combined training using respiratory equipment.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of single and combined applications of fluoride on the amount of fluoride release, and the remineralization and physical properties of enamel. Materials and Methods: Each of four fluoride varnish and gel products (Fluor Protector, FP, Ivoclar Vivadent; Tooth Mousse Plus, TM, GC; 60 Second Gel, A, Germiphene; CavityShield, CS, 3M ESPE) and two fluoride solutions (2% sodium fluoride, N; 8% tin(ii) fluoride, S) were applied on bovine teeth using single and combined methods (10 per group), and then the amount of fluoride release was measured for 4 wk. The electron probe microanalysis and the Vickers microhardness measurements were conducted to assess the effect of fluoride application on the surface properties of bovine teeth. Results: The amount of fluoride release was higher in combined applications than in single application (p < 0.05). Microhardness values were higher after combined applications of N with FP, TM, and CS than single application of them, and these values were also higher after combined applications of S than single application of A (p < 0.05). Ca and P values were higher in combined applications of N with TM and CS than single application of them (p < 0.05). They were also increased after combined applications of the S with A than after single application (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Combined applications of fluoride could be used as a basis to design more effective methods of fluoride application to provide enhanced remineralization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.787-792
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• 2002

When developing a combined DTaP-HepB vaccine, toxicity and HBsAg immunogenicity are both important considerations. Thus, for a combined DTaP-HepB vaccine with a low toxicity, the effect of the DTaP content and $Al(OH)_3$, gel concentration on the vaccine toxicity was investigated. Within the range studied, the higher the concentrations, the higher the vaccine toxicity. The importance of the tetanus toxoid content in the combined DTaP-HepB vaccine was also revealed. A higher concentration of the tetanus toxoid was found to have a negative effect on the stability of the HBsAg immunogenicity in the combined vaccine. Accordingly, considering the factors affecting toxicity and HBsAg immunogenicity, a novel DTaP-HepB vaccine (30 Lf/ml of diphtheria toxoid, 5 Lf/ml of tetanus toxoid, 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ PN/ml of acellular pertussis, 24 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of HBsAg, and 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$ Al/ml of $Al(OH)_3$ gel) was developed. It has a low toxicity and a stable HBsAg immunogenicity and also satisfies the potency criteria of K-FDA for a combined DTaP vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1991

The water extract of Gamisamryungbaekchool-San increased the lifespan of mice implanted intraperitoneally with sarcoma 180. Significant depression of lethal toxicity of cis-platin $(45{\mu}M/kg,\;s.c)$ and renal toxicity (indicated by an increase in blood urea nitrogen value and creatinine value) of cis-platin $(35{\mu}M/kg,\;s.c)$ were observed in mice and rats treated with Gamisamryungbaekchool-San. RBC and WBC were significantly decreased in rats treated with cis-platin, and significant depression of hematologic toxicities of cis-platin $(35{\mu}M/kg,\;s.c)$ in rats treated with Gamisamryungbaekchool-San. After all, alleviative effect of the side actions of cis-platin was acknowledged by combined usage of Gamisamryungbaekchool-San and cis-platin.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.2323-2330
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• 2021

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupII. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn't show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-61
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• 2014

In this study, the meta-analysis technique was applied to investigate the effectiveness of gifted education in non-cognitive areas. Studies conducted during the years from 2002 to 2012 were searched and then the outcomes from the 18 studies were used for meta-analysis. The statistically positive effects were in the leadership programs (the combined effect size=1.226, p<.001), in the career programs (the combined effect size=1.103, p<.001), in the programs related to social skills (the combined effect size=1.684, p<.001), in the programs for gifted students who show underachievement (the combined effect size=1.486, p<.001), and in the bibliotherapy programs (the combined effect size=0.613, p<.001) for the gifted. Implications of the study were discussed in depth based on the results.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.335-338
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• 1994

The tests on the oocysticidal effects of three formulations (75% o-dichlorobenzene, 7.5% cresol combined with morestan 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, respectively) against immature oocysts of Eimeria tenella, were carried out. A o-dichlorobenzene preparation (72.5% o-dichlorobenzene, 7.5% cresol) on the market was selected and tested as the control. The tests were divided into two ways, the one was evaluated at different dilutions and contact times. The other was performed at different storage days. The test results are summarized as follows. Oocysticidal effects of 100% were revealed at 1 to 3 hours contact time of all morestan combined preparations. On the other hand, the perfect oocysticidal effect was revealed only at 24 hours exposure time of 100 times dilution among dilutes of control preparation. Combined rate of morestan was higher, oocysticidal effect was better. In the latter test, all morestan combined formulations had 100% of oocysticidal effect up to 5 days storage after dilution and 86.4% to 96.7% at two weeks storage after dilution, whereas the oocysticidal effects of the control preparation was gradually decreased by the storage time was passed and there was no effect at 2 weeks storage after dilution. With these results, morestan combined preparations have synergistic effect against oocysts of E tenella and can be used as the most effective oocysticidal disinfectant for broiler industry in future.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1982

This study was carried out in order to clarify the combined effect of cadmium and lead on rat bones when exposed to single metal (1 mg cd/kg body weight) and cambined metals (1 mg cd + 4 mg pb/kg body weight). Seventy five mature rats of Sprague-Dawley species were divided into a control group and a treatment group that were administered by daily peritoneum injection for 7 to 9 weeds, and their body weights were measured every week. The results were summarized as follows 1. Body weight gains of the combined injection group and the single injection groups were lower than that of the control group. 2. In case of the combined injection group, the amount of cadmium accumulated in femur was more than that of the cadmium group. These amounts of cadmium accumulated showed an increasing trend. 3. The lead amount in bone tissue of the combined injection group presented also an increasing trend. In this case, the additive action of cadmium to the lead accumulation in bone tissue was conspicuous. 4. The amounts of calcium and phosphorus in femur showed clear a decreasing trend in the cadmium group and combined administration group. The ratio of calcium and phosphorus (ca/p) in the cadmium group was not different from that of the control group, but in the combined injection group the ratio was a little lower.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-93
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• 1997

The natural convection and combined heat transfer induced by fire in a rectangular enclosure is numerically studied. The model for this numerical analysis is partially opened, it is divided by a vertical baffle projecting from ceiling. The solution procedure Includes the standard k- $\varepsilon$ model for turbulent flow and the discrete ordinates method (DOM ) is used for the calculation of radiative heat transfer equation. In this study, numerical simulation on the combined naturnal convection and radiation is carried out in a partial enclosure filled with absorbed-emitted gray media, but is not considered scattering problem. The velocity vectors, streamlines, and isothermal lines are compared the results of pure convection with those of the combined convection-radiation, the combined heat transfer. Comparing the results of pure convection with those of the combined convection-radiation, the combined heat transfer analysis shows the stronger circulation than those of the pure convection. Three different locations of heat source are considered to observe the effect of heat source location on the heat transfer phenomena. As the results, the circulation and the heat transfer In the left region from heating block are much more influenced than those in the right region. It is also founded that the radiation effect cannot be neglected in analyzing the building in fire.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.2331-2337
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• 2021

Background: More women than men experience genu recurvatum, which can lead to knee pain and arthritis if left unattended. Pilates combined with taping is a suitable rehabilitation method for women with genu recurvatum. Objectives: To aimed the effect of taping and Pilates stabilization exercise on physical alignment and improvement of genu recurvatum in women with genu recurvatum. Design: A Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one women were divided into three groups: taping group (back of knee taping and quadriceps femoris taping, n=7), Pilates exercise group (hip, knee and abdominal muscles exercise, n=7), and combined group (taping with pilates exercise, n=7). The measured variables were sagittal plane alignment and back and abdominal muscle, knee flexor and extensor strength. Results: After the intervention, all sagittal plane alignments were significantly improved in both the Pilates and combined groups. Sagittal plane alignment was significantly improved in the combined group compared with the taping group. Back and abdominal muscle strength were significantly improved in the Pilates and combined groups compared with the taping group. Knee flexor and extensor were significantly improved in the combined group compared with the Pilates group and in the Pilates group compared with the taping group. Conclusion: Pilates exercise with taping or Pilates exercise alone was effective intervention methods to improve physical alignment and strength in women with genu recurvatum.