• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of bovine colostral whey fractions on in vitro proliferation of mouse splenocytes, polypeptide fractions were separated from acid whey into 3 fractions depending on molecular weight by ultrafiltration: Fraction I, which contains the polypeptide larger than 10,000 Da, Fraction n, which contains the polypeptide ranging from 1,000 Da to 10,000 Da and Fraction III, which contains the polypeptide smaller than 1,000 Da. Fraction II showed the highest proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes among the colostral whey fractions and this proliferative activity increased in dose dependent manner. Unheated Fraction II and Fraction III showed significantly (p<0.01) higher proliferative effects than others but heated Fraction II showed the highest enhancing effect of mouse splenocyte among heated whey fractions (p<0.01). The supplementation of Fraction II and Fraction m showed greater proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) than that of whole whey or Fraction L Proliferative effect of mouse splenocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was the highest when Fraction II was supplemented Proliferative effect of the colostral whey fractions on mouse splenocytes by stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was markedly enhanced by supplementation of Fraction II and Fraction m compared with whole whey and Fraction L It was estimated that colostral whey fraction containing IGF-I positively affected proliferation of mouse splenocyte.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.923-929
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• 2010

Colostral whey prepared from colostrum (pooled from first six post-partum milkings) was heated for 10 min at $100^{\circ}C$ Heated colostral whey was incubated with 1% enzymes (protein equivalent basis) for 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min at $50^{\circ}C$. Papain, pepsin, trypsin, and alcalase produced different degrees of hydrolysis (DH), 10.66%, 12.42%, 10.83%, and 25.31%, respectively, at an incubation time of 120 min. The SDS-PAGE reveals that significant amounts of bovine serum albumin (BSA), ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}$-LG), and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin (${\alpha}$-LA) survived papain digestion. In contrast, pepsin completely removed BSA but not ${\beta}$-LG present in heated colostral whey. Alcalase completely eliminated BSA, ${\beta}$-LG, and ${\alpha}$-LA. This differential hydrolysis was confirmed by reversed-phase HPLC analysis. Using ion-exchange chromatography, fraction-1 (F-1) was obtained from alcalase hydrolysate at a NaCl gradient concentration of 0.25 M. Reversed-phase HPLC chromatograms of alcalase F-1 showed numerous small peaks, which probably indicate that a variety of new peptides were produced. Iron content of alcalase F-1 was 28.94 ppm, which was the highest among all enzyme fractions, whereas iron content of colostral whey was 36.56 ppm. Main amino acids contained in alcalase F-1 were Thr (15.45%), Glu (14.12%), and Ser (10.39%). Therefore, alcalase can be used to generate good iron-binding peptides in heated colostral whey, and the resulting iron-binding peptides could be suitable as a value-added food ingredient for food supplements.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.855-866
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• 2021

Objective: Performance and physiological responses of dairy calves may change by using extruded soybean meal (ESBM) instead of common soybean meal (SBM) in starter feed. The aims of the current study were i) to determine the effect of extrusion processing of SBM on protein electrophoretic size, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) structures and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein subfractions and ii) to determine the effect of substitution of SBM with ESBM in starter feed of Holstein heifer calves during pre and post-weaning on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Methods: The SBM was substituted with ESBM at the level of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (dry matter [DM] basis). Fifty heifer calves (initial body weight 40.3±0.63 kg) were used for the study. After birth, animals were fed colostrum for 3 days and then they were fed whole milk until weaning. Animals had free access to starter feed and water during the study. Results: Extrusion of SBM decreased electrophoretic protein size and increased rapidly degradable true protein fraction, changed FTIR protein and amide II region. With increasing level of ESBM in the diet, starter intake increased quadratically during the pre-weaning period (p<0.05) and body weight, DM intake and average daily gain increased linearly during the post-weaning and the whole study period (p<0.05). Tbe DM and crude protein digestibilities at week 14 and blood glucose and beta hydroxybutyric acid increased linearly in calves as the level of ESBM increased in the diet (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dairy calves performance and physiological responses were sensitive to SBM protein characteristics including electrophoretic size, FTIR structures and CNCPS protein fractions.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of pelleted-Italian Ryegrass (IRG) as a source of fiber on reproduction performance in pregnant sows. A total of 24 pregnant sows were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, which was given a corn-soybean diet with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% pelleted-IRG from 105 days prepartum to 7 days postpartum. During experimental period, the sows fed the IRG supplemented diet showed the lower feed intake than the sows fed the control diet (p<0.05). The changes of body weight in sows from initial to pre- and/or post-partum was significantly smaller in sows fed the IRG supplemented diet than control group. It is thought that the lower weight gain in IRG supplemented groups is caused by low feed intake. Although there was no significant difference, sows fed the IRG supplemented diet tended to increase the litter size and birth weight in piglets compared with sows fed the control diet. This result suggests that the dietary supplementation of IRG has the positive effects to improve the reproductive performance in sows. But, the excessive feeding of IRG to sows might cause to retard the days of return to estrus, and decrease the contents of solid, milk protein, and milk fat in colostrum. Thus, the addition of about 10% IRG is desirable to increase the reproductive performance. Meanwhile, the feeding energy diet is better effective than feeding the fiber diets to improve overall productivity in sows after postpartum.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-67
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• 1998

The investigative research on the mammalian milk purely consisted of the physiological quality of lactoferrin was conducted to reveal the antimicrobial ativity of specifically functional foods with antibiotic characteristics as a basic data in food manufacturing. Bovine lactoferrin were isolated from raw milk samples, and was digested with pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. It was necessary then to separate and purify lactoferrin from bovine raw milk, and in order to analyze the antimicrobial activity of the enzyme-treated bovine lactoferrin in their required quantitative fraction. Afterwards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was incubated in it. It was that investigated to enzyme-treated fractions molecular weight and the peptide fragment with antimicrobial effect. 1. The purity of enzyme-treated bovine lactoferrin(BLF) was tested by SDS-PAGE. As a results of 12% SDS-PAGE assay, pepsin-treated LF did not exhibited band until if reaches 14 KDa, while trypsin and chymotrypsin treated LF, known to contain the non-digestive lactoferrin exhibited band at a molecular weight of 33 KDa. 2. Bovine lactoferrin was sucessfully purified through the use of Sephadex G-50 Column. In order to assay LF through the Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, the digestive bovine lactoferrin (BLFs) was eluted with a linear gradient of 0.05% Tris-HCl. When the gel-filtration analysis, pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments of BLF fragments was showed 2, 3, and 2 peak, respectively. The results of the HPLC analysis confirmed that had a non-digestive lactoferrin receptor, and trypsin and chymotrypsin treated BLFs has an antimicrobial effect. 3. To measure the strength of the antimicrobial effect of enzyme treated lactoferrin it was compared to the antimicrobial activity taking place at the incubated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This might explain the resistance of the microorganisms for peptide fragment. The pepsin-treated of bovine lactoferrin was markedly reduced by incubation of the cells. Trypsin-treated of BLF was similar to chymotrypsin-treated of BLF. However, trypsin and chymotrypsin treatments of BLFs were showed the antimicrobial effect until eight hours incubation for native bovine lactoferrin. Therefore the enzyme-treated lactoferrin have an antimicrobial effect even non-digestive lactoferrin. 4. The digestive bovine lactoferrin fragments assay was carried out by the use of Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The pepsin and chymotrypsin-treated fragments has a low molecular weight and trypsin-treated lactoferrin was only showed a band. It was described that characteristics of digestive protein. It appeared that there may be a relation between virulence and resistance to enzyme-treated BLF.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.437-446
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• 2018

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein which is present in colostrum, milk, and other body secretions. Lactoferrin activities are associated with inflammatory and immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lactoferrin hydrolysates (LH) on the production of immunomodulatory factors such as inflammatory related cytokines (tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin (IL)-13) in Raw264.7 cells, which originated from murine macrophages. The results show that the Raw264.7 cells cultured in 3 types (whole, and above and below 10 kDa) of lactoferrin hydrolysates (LH) did not show any cytotoxicity in the cells. $TNF-{\alpha}$ decreased dose-dependently to 1,500 - 2,000 ng/mL by treatment with the 3 types of LH at 1, 50, $100{\mu}g/mL$, whereas the positive control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and negative control produced 2,450 and 1,000 ng/mL of $TNF-{\alpha}$, respectively, in the Raw264.7 cells. The treatment with the 3 types of LH (whole and above and below 10 kDa) at $50{\mu}g/mL$ produced about 20 - 28 ng/mL of $IL-1{\beta}$ at 3, 6, and 9 h, respectively, while the negative control produced 7 ng/mL, and LPS as the positive control produced 48 - 60 ng/mL. $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 expression was decreased dose-dependently by the 3 types of LH. The mRNA levels of IL-13 were slightly increased dose-dependently by the whole and above 10 kDa LH, but decreased dose-dependently by the below 10 kDa LH in the Raw264.7 cells. The results show that LH had immunomodulating effects on cytokine production in anti- and pro-inflammatory reactions as well as anti-allergic reactions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2020

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is present in colostrum, milk, and other body secretions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of lactoferrin hydrolysates (LHs) on the production of immunomodulatory factors, including inflammatory related cytokines. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB reporter assay using human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293) revealed that NF-κB activity was significantly decreased by 1, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL of LH and the fractions above and below the 10 kDa LH. The mRNA expression of interferon (IFN)-γ in rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3) treated with the fraction above the 10 kDa LH decreased in a dose-dependent manner, but the cells treated with LH and the fraction below the 10 kDa LH showed an increased expression of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. The level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression decreased dose-dependently in RBL-2H3 cells treated with LH and the fraction above the 10 kDa LH, but the cells treated with the fraction below the 10 kDa LH showed an increased COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-4) was dose-dependently decreased by the fraction below the 10 kDa LH in human mast cells (HMC-1). The mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 were significantly dose-dependently decreased by the fractions above and below the 10 kDa LH, but was dose-dependently increased by LH. The production of IL-4 was a little increased by the fraction above the 10 kDa LH compared to the positive control, but was decreased with LH and the fraction below the 10 kDa LH in HMC-1 cells. It was concluded that LF hydrolysates had an immunomodulating effect on anti-, pro-inflammatory and anti-allergic reactions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1004-1012
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating first parity sows. A total of 52 F1 gilts ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained diets with 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, and the daily energy intake of the gestating gilts in each treatment were 6,200, 6,400, 6,600, and 6,800 kcal of ME, respectively. During gestation, the body weight (p = 0.04) and weight gain (p = 0.01) of gilts linearly increased with increasing dietary energy levels. Backfat thickness was not affected at d110 of gestation by dietary treatments, but increased linearly (p = 0.05) from breeding to d 110 of gestation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of sows tended to decrease when the dietary energy levels increased (p = 0.08). No difference was observed in backfat thickness of the sows within treatments; increasing energy levels linearly decreased the body weight of sows (p<0.05) at d 21 of lactation and body weight gain during lactation (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the chemical compositions of colostrum and milk. Therefore, these results indicated that high-energy diets influenced the bodyweight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation. NRC (2012) suggested that the energy requirement of the gestation gilt should be between 6,678 and 7,932 kcal of ME/d. Similarly, our results suggested that 3,100 kcal of ME/kg is not enough to maintain the reproductive performance for gilts during gestation with 2 kg feed daily. Gilts in the treatment 3,400 kcal of ME/kg have a higher weaning number of piglets, but bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. But bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. Consequently, an adequate energy requirement of gestating gilts is 6,400 kcal of ME/d.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1598-1604
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• 2017

Objective: The present study investigated the litter performance of multiparous sows fed 3% and 6% densified diets at farrowing to weaning during summer with mean maximum room temperature of $30.5^{\circ}C$. Methods: A total of 60 crossbred multiparous sows were allotted to one of three treatments based on body weight according to a completely randomized design. Three different nutrient levels based on NRC were applied as standard diet (ST; metabolizable energy, 3,300 kcal/kg), high nutrient level 1 (HE1; ST+3% higher energy and 16.59% protein) and high nutrient level 2 (HE2; ST+6% higher energy and 17.04% protein). Results: There was no variation in the body weight change. However, backfat thickness change tended to reduce in HE1 in comparison to ST treatment. Dietary treatments had no effects on feed intake, daily energy intake and weaning-to-estrus interval in lactating sows. Litter size, litter weight at weaning and average daily gain of piglets were significantly greater in sows in HE1 compared with ST, however, no difference was observed between HE2 and ST. Increasing the nutrient levels had no effects on the blood urea nitrogen, glucose, triglyceride, and creatinine at post-farrowing and weaning time. The concentration of follicle stimulating hormone, cortisol and insulin were not affected by dietary treatments either in post-farrowing or weaning time. The concentration of blood luteinizing hormone of sows in ST treatment was numerically less than sows in HE2 treatment at weaning. Milk and colostrum compositions such as protein, fat and lactose were not affected by the treatments. Conclusion: An energy level of 3,400 kcal/kg (14.23 MJ/kg) with 166 g/kg crude protein is suggested as the optimal level of dietary nutrients for heat stressed lactating sows with significant beneficial effects on litter size.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.334-347
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• 2020

The adequate intake of energy and lysine for primiparous sows are necessary for maternal growth of sows and growth of their progeny. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy and lysine levels on primiparous sows and their progeny. A total of 48 gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace), with an initial body weight (BW) of 168.1 ± 9.71 kg and at day 35 of gestation, were allotted to eight treatment groups with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The first factor was metabolizable energy levels in diet (3,265 or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was lysine levels in diet (gestation 0.55%, 0.65%, 0.75%, 0.85%, lactation 0.70%, 0.85%, 1.00%, 1.15%). The BW gain (p = 0.07) and backfat thickness (p = 0.09) in the gestation period showed a tendency to be increased in sows fed the high-energy diets. In the lactation period, sows fed the high-energy diets tended to be greater BW (p = 0.09) and less BW loss (p = 0.05) than those of sows fed the low-energy diets. Sows fed high-energy diets had a tendency of greater piglet weight at day 21 of lactation and greater piglet weight gain (p = 0.08 and p = 0.08, respectively). Although the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was increased linearly as dietary lysine level increased at day 110 of gestation (Linear, p = 0.03), the BUN was decreased linearly as dietary lysine level increase at day 21 of lactation (Linear, p < 0.01). In the composition of colostrum, sows fed high-energy diets had greater casein, protein, total solid, solid not fat, and free fatty acid concentrations than those of sows fed low-energy diets (p < 0.05). Supplementation of total lysine 0.75% for gestation and 1.00% for lactation with 3,365 kcal of ME/kg energy level could be applied to the primiparous sows' diet to improve performance of sows and growth of their progeny.