• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.9 s.109
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• pp.98-111
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• 2006

The objective of this research is to examine the commonness and differences of Korean, Chinese and Japanese costume colors of modern and present ages. The result of this study showed that modern China and Japan had quick influx speed of Western culture. Dissimilarly, modern Korea kept conception of colors from Chosun periods that show the high frequency of 'Five Elements Colors' and neutral colors in Red, Yellow and Purple Blue. Today, the costumes of China, Korea and Japan use similar tones of color but each country approached in different selections of achromatic colors; Korean prefers color in Yellow Red, Purple, and Chinese in Green Yellow, Green and Japanese in Purple Blue. Light greyish and pale toned Yellow Red and grayish tone have increased in modern Chinese and Japanese costumes. Also both countries have corresponding assumptions in using color of Red in strong tone. The analysis of color and tone distribution showed that, Japanese costume colors in modern and present times have correlative number of use as in Western culture. Traditionally, Japan has least notion of using 'Five Elements Colors' which only gives minor changes by convergence of Western color culture. In other side, China had developed in color rather than tone compares to Korea and Japan by using many of the Red color of strong, vivid and deep tones which made red distinguishing color of China. Japan continues to use of low chroma colors and became a characteristic in modern and present day, also they use an abundance of color in Yellow Red, purple Blue. Korea has a higher frequency showing in light, bright tones of color distinctively compares to China and Japan.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-135
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• 2013

With the growth of mass media, professional baseball teams have strived to keep up team's tradition and individuality and build a distinctive image through sports marketing using visual identity. Among others, a baseball uniform is used as a sports marketing tool more than an uniform. Uniform color acts as a distinctive element in team's uniform design and is effective to raise attention, manifest a positive image to spectators, and increase trust and affinity. This study aims to compare and analyze color characteristics and images of professional baseball uniforms in America, Japan, and Korea as visual identity. For this, literature review was made on the history of baseball, uniforms, sports marketing, and visual identity, and then color characteristics and images were analyzed on professional baseball away uniforms in Korea, America, and Japan collected in Internet and official web sites. The results are as follows. First, for color characteristics of professional baseball uniforms, the most frequently used color was R(V) color in Korea, ltGy color in America, and Bk color in Japan. Second, for color images of professional baseball uniforms, the most frequently used image was a casual image in Korea, a dandy image in America, and a modern image in Japan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1629-1639
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to research the similarity and difference of color application in the culture of Korea and Japan. The subject of this research is the costume color of Changgeuk and Kabuki. This survey analyzes Munsell's 3 attributes(Hue, Value, Chroma), tone, and 3D color analysis by extracted color data. And representative color according to Obangsaek is proposed. The results of this study are as follows: 1. High chroma red in Kabuki costume is more used as symbolic color(passion and luxurious) in order to show character's personality than that in Changguek costume. 2. Low chroma YR color(no-dyeing color) in Changgeuk costume much more used because of Korean white robe preference and eco-friendly thinking. But high chroma yellow is restrictive color for symbolic color of emperor in Korea and Japan. 3. Blue is most frequently used in both costumes because blue is encouraging color by the theory of exponents of the five elements doctrine. 4. White in Korean Changguek costume is more used for white robe preference thinking, but black in Kabuki costume is much more used for symbol of power in Japan. The similarity of Korean and Japanese cultural color is to use much Obangsaek, less Ogansaek by the theory of exponents of the five elements doctrine, but the difference of Korean and Japanese cultural color is to use color differently according to preference thinking system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.6 s.105
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• pp.16-32
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• 2006

Perceived meaning of color uniquely forms and is being highlighted as an element of creative design in the modern design industry as well as traditional culture. It is necessary to compare the perceived meanings of color and clothing color of Korea and Japan in order to find out the model of Korea's original color. The purpose of this study Is to draw the results of examining the perceived meanings of color revealed in the culture, arts and clothing color of the both countries and comparing them depending on contemporary times. The scope of study is limited from the ancient times to modern times (about BC.IC-early20C). In the methodologies, the literature and the empirical study focus on both counturies' literature, including art history, ethnology, and the history of clothing; and their paintings and relics, which are all related to clothes. The perceived meaning of color of Korea was prominent with the beauty of nature and gorgeousness throughout the history. The colors were mostly white colors, light colors, and single colors such as obangsaek, which are high pure degree colors by which color is changed depending on darkness and lightness, while that of Japan featured clothing colors combining various colors and middle colors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.4 no.4 s.10
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• pp.7-15
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• 2006

Japan's modern fashion, which already became distinguished in the world fashion market, creates originality by identifying its own color as well as shape and details from its tradition. The purpose of this study was to draw the results of examining the perceived meanings of color revealed in the culture, arts and clothing color of Heian period in Japan and searching them in contemporary Japanese fashion. The scope of study was the perceived meaning of color in Heian period and Japanese contemporary fashion. In the methodologies, the literature and the empirical study focused on Heian's culture, including art history, ethnology, and the history of clothing and the contemporary fashion collection. Japan's original middle colors and intermediate colors began to be created in Heian period. The color aesthetic characteristics of Heian period appeared the beauty of compound color, layered color, overlapped color in Japanese contemporary fashion.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the color design element in traditional palaces among those in the neighboring three nations of East Asia, notably Korea, China and Japan. Undoubtedly the ultimate goal to be pursued, by so doing, has to be inquiry into the identical prototype of Korean color design element. The East Asian color palette is rich in symbolic meaning, mostly these color are in harmony with the nature and human life. In this study, the color of the traditional palace is characterized by the actual color use. The colors of China are various, but they concentration R～G, middle/high level of chroma. In Korea, the colors in palace are distributed in YR/GY, middle/low chroma, relatively higher value. While the major features of Japan color are YR/achromatic with middle/low levels of value and chroma.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

Japan has several unique traditional colors. The traditional colors of Japan include a collection of colors used in traditional Japanese literature, textiles such as the kimono, and other Japanese arts. Japanese color system has a long history, leading to some consistencies in color and naming. During the Edo period(1603~1867), the unique color sense of 'iki' produced many color names that are often related to mouse(nezumi) and tea(cha), and fashion color originated as kabuki actors. As for colors named after animals, the most popular appears to be the mouse, which is used to express grey tones. Recently, many fashion companies in Japan have been working on reviving an interest in traditional Japanese colors. Ordinary people of Edo named even slightly different color tones, each with individual exquisite and mind valuing 'iki' senses. They translated these into their livelihood and culture. The colorimetry result of 49 restored dyed fabrics were as follows; Hue difference was 7.8, value difference was 2.9, chroma difference was 1.8 of prefix siro. Hue difference was 3.8, value difference was 1.6, chroma difference was 1.7 of prefix usu. Hue difference was 3.5, value difference was 1.5, chroma difference was 1.4 of prefix cha. Hue difference was 6.4, value difference was 1.1, chroma difference was 1.6 of prefix koi. Hue difference was 7.5, value difference was 0.8, chroma difference was 3.3 of prefix nezumi.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.5
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• pp.53-58
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to explore how people's evaluation and preference on color palettes differ based on their cultural background. This study used the same color palettes developed by Youngsoon Park and Denise Guerin(1992). Fourteen representative adjectives are used to analyze the meaning evaluation and preference on the six color palletes. 425 undergraduate students are se-lected from Korea, Japan, U.S. and England and ques-tionnaire was used as survey instrument. The results show that there are significant differences among the four countries in the meaning evaluation and preferences on the color palettes and the characteristics of color palettes influence the differences among the countries. The differences among the countries decrease in case of color palettes composed of warm color with low or medium value difference and chroma difference, while the differences increase in case of color palette characterized by strong color contrast with high or medi-um value difference and chroma difference. The result of color meaning evaluation can be catego-rized into Western and Eastern culture. Korea and U.S., and Japan and U.S. showed significant differences in the most words and Korea and Japan showed similarities in the most words. Therefore it can be concluded that cul-tural backgrounds related to race, region and history in-fluence the color meaning evaluation and preference. Fur-ther study should explore the relationship between color and culture using more various color instruments such as color palettes in order to categorize the various aspects of culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.8 s.108
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• pp.35-44
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to comparatively analyze the characteristics of traditional costume colors of Korea China Japan with quantitative methods. The range of this study was limited to the costume colors from 16th to 19th century. For this study 1333 color samples were collected by measuring with a spectrophotometer. The results of this study are as follows: Red, Yellow Red, Yellow and Purple Blue had been used in common for the traditional costume colors of Korea, China and Japan. Yellow of Korea, Purple Blue of China, Yellow Red of Japan showed the high frequency. Red, an asian preference color, had most frequently used in korean traditional costumes. Pale toned Yellow and Yellow Red, high saturated Red and low valued Purple Blue had been preferred for korean traditional costumes. The preferences of high saturated Red and low valued Purple Blue were based on the Five Element theory and the pale toned Yellow and Yellow Red were used with the preference of White and natural colors. In China the traditional costume colors had used with the Five Element theory also but they had preferred Purple Blue, deep & strong toned Red to Yellow Red and Yellow, Yellow Red, Purple and grayish colors had been frequently used in japanese traditional costumes. In the results of color distributions in $L^*a^*b^*$ color space, korean and chinese traditional costumes colors concentrated in some areas like Yellow, Yellow Red, Red and Purple Blue. Japanese costumes colors showed the even distribution with the diverse toned colors. Korean traditional costume colors corresponded with the Five Element theory rather than China and Japan. Japan had used the costume colors with the racial sensibility rather than conceptual color theory.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.111-124
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• 2013

The purpose of this research was to conduct a comparison analysis of color in the characteristics and image of Korea/China/Japan airline uniforms. Research subjects for this research included 19 Korean, Chinese and Japanese airlines servicing the Incheon International Airport in South Korea. The analysis methods are based on the Munsell Color Order System and PCCS (Practical Color Coordinate System) tone classification in order to examine the color characteristics. For the color image analysis, the present research performed a positioning on Shigenobu Kobayashi's color images scale with adjectives in order to compare the resulting differences. As a result of the analysis, this research discovered the following; First, achromatic colors were found to be used most frequently in flight attendant uniforms of Korea/China/Japan. In Korean flight attendant uniforms, YR/Y, GY and B/PB/P; in Chinese, R/PB, RP, YR/Y/GY and BG/P; in Japanese, RP, R/P/PB and Y/BG were found in order. As for the main uniform colors, Korean flight attendant uniforms were found to be in the colors YR, and R/GY/B/P; Chinese flight attendant uniforms, R, PB, and P/B; and Japanese flight attendant uniforms, R, BG, B, RP and N. Second, Korean flight attendant uniforms used W and It most frequently; China flight attendant uniforms, W; and Japanese flight attendant uniforms, W and v. Regarding the main colors, Korean flight atteddant uniforms used lt/g and v/p; Chinese flight attendant uniforms, v, dp and s/d/dkg; and Japanese flight attendant uniforms, v/dkg and Bk. Third, after positioning each country's uniform color combination bars on the Kobayashi image scale, Korean flight attendant uniforms showed classic images along with casual/pretty/elegant/chic images; Chinese flight attendant uniforms displayed, casual images as well as, dynamic/gorgeous/chic/cool casual/dandy images; and finally, Japanese flight attendant uniforms converyed dandy images along with casual/gorgeous images. This research findings indicate that Korea/China/Japan airlines' flight attendant uniforms seek for differentiated image establishment by reflecting their own CIs and unique national cultures in the uniform color marketing.