• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

The relative dose calculated by MCNPX and the relative dose measured by ionization chamber and solid phantoms evaluated the accuracy comparing with Monte Carlo simulation. In order to apply Monte Carlo simulation the intraluminal brachytherapy of extrahepatic bile duct cancer, 192Ir sealed radioactive source replicate, Bile duct and surrounding organs were made using KMIRD phantom based on a South Korea standard man. To check the absorbed dose of normal organs around bile duct, we set the specific effective energy and initial radioactivity to 1 Ci using MCNPX. Evaluation of the accuracy of the Monte Carlo simulation, the difference of the relative dose is the most 1.96% that satisfy the criteria that is the relative error less than 2% suggested by MCNPX code. In addition, The specific effective energy and absorbed dose of normal organs that were relatively adjacent to bile duct such as right side of kidney, liver, pancreas, transverse colon, spinal cord, stomach and small intestine were relatively high. on the contrary, the organs that were relatively distant to bile duct such as left side of kidney, spleen, ascending colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon were relatively low.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.2087-2092
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• 2015

Nowadays herbal-derived medicines are attracting attention as new sources of drugs with few side effects. Silibinin is a flavonoid compound with chemotheraputic effects on different cancers such as examples in the prostate, lung, colon and breast. In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of silibinin on MCF7 breast cancer cells were investigated. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and the impact of silibinin on the expression of pivotal genes including Bak, P53, P21, BRCA1, BCL-X1 and ATM was analyzed. Treatment for 24h had a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on cell growth (p<0.05) with dose- and time- dependent induction of apoptosis (p<0.05). In addition, there were significant increases in BRCA1, ATM, Bak and Bcl-XL gene expression at the mRNA level with different concentrations of silibinin for 24 or 48 h (p<0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that silibinin inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of MCF-7 cells by down-regulating Bak, P53, P21, BRCA1, BCL-Xl and thus may be considered as an effective adjuvant drug to produce a better chemopreventive response for the cancer therapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2003

We studied the effects of hot water extract of Inonotus obliquos mushroom on the proliferation and apoptosis of the human colon adenocarcinoma, HT-29 and the human stomach adenocarcinoma, SNU-484 cell. Cells were maintained with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/Ham's F-12 nutrient mixture supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37$^{\circ}C$ in a humidified $CO_2$. For the cell proliferation experiments, cells were seeded in 35 mm dishes, and were treated with the various concentrations of the extract for the different time course. Apoptosis was measured by caspase-3 activity. When we incubated HT-29 cells for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after treatments, the cell proliferation was more suppressed with more treatment time. In case of the human stomach cancer cell, SNU484, the extract significantly decreased the cell number. Thus, the treatment of 1.5 mg/$m\ell$ extract decreased almost half of the cell number. Caspase-3 activity in HT-29 was increased by the treatment of mushroom extracts. In SNU484, caspase-3 activity tended to increase in proportion to the amounts of the extracts and the treatment of Inonotus obliquos affected the activity a lot. Therefore, Inonotus obliquos is suggested for the prevention of gastro-intestinal cancer and strongly recommended for the treatment of stomach cancer. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1) : 18~23, 2003)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.423-429
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• 2011

B13 analogues are being considered as therapeutic agents for cancer cells, since B13 is a ceramide analogue and inhibits ceramidase to promote apoptosis in cancer cells. B13 sulfonamides are assumed to have biological activity similar to B13, since they are made by bioisosterically substituting the carboxyl moiety of B13 with sulfone group. Twenty B13 sulfonamides were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicities against human colon cancer HT-29 and lung cancer A549 cell lines using MTT assays. Replacement of the amide group with a sulfonamide group increased cytotoxicity in both cancer cell lines. The sulfonamides with long alkyl chains exhibited activities two to three times more potent than that of B13 and compound (15) had the most potent activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 27 and $28.7{\mu}M$ for HT-29 and A549, respectively. The comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were used to carry out QSAR molecular modeling of these compounds. The predictive CoMSIA models for HT-29 and A549 gave cross-validated q2 values of 0.703 and 0.830, respectively. From graphical analysis of these models, we suppose that the stereochemistry of 1,3-propandiol is not important for activity and that introduction of a sulfonamide group and long alkyl chains into B13 can increase cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1288-1292
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate cytotoxic effects of Houttuynia cordata T/sub HUNB/ extracts on A549 (lung cancer), MDA-MB231 (breast cancer), SNU-C4 (colon cancer) and B16 (mouse melanoma) cell lines. We have determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. The 150 ㎍/㎖ concentration of methanol extract (63.81 %) of Houttuynia cordata T/sub HUNB/ was shown significantly antitoxic activity on A549 cell lines. The order of cytotoxicity fractions of methanol from Houttuynia cordata T/sub HUNB/ extracts against cancer cell lines in vitro is as follows : hexane fraction layer > chloroform fraction layer > ethyl acetate fraction layer > buthanol fraction layer > water fraction layer. These results suggest that the hexane fraction of methanol extract from Houttuynia cordata T/sub HUNB/ extract may be a valuable choice for the development of antitumor agents.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5047-5056
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• 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major worldwide health problem owing to its high prevalence and mortality rates. Carcinogenesis in the colon is a multistage and multifactorial process. An imbalance between free radical exposure and anti-oxidant defense systems may leads to oxidative stress and attack of macromolecules which can alter signal transduction pathways and gene expression. Consequently, oxidative damage can lead to cellular dysfunction and contribute to pathophysiological processes in a variety of diseases including CRC. One factor tightly associated with CRC is chronic inflammation, which can be present from the earliest stage of tumor onset. Unpolished rice is an attractive chemoprevention in CRC due to their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this paper is to review evidence linking oxidative stress and inflammation to CRC and to provide essential background information for understanding future research on oxidative stress and inflammation on CRC. Mechanisms of action of unpolished rice in CRC carcinogenesis are also discussed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.136-141
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• 2008

A large number of studies have been performed to identify biomarkers that will allow efficient detection and determination of the precise status of a patient’s disease. The use of microarrays to assess biomarker status is expected to improve prediction accuracies, because a whole-genome approach is used. Despite their potential, however, patient samples can differ with respect to biomarker status when analyzed on different platforms, making it more difficult to make accurate predictions, because bias may exist between any two different experimental conditions. Because of this difficulty in experimental standardization of microarray data, it is currently difficult to utilize microarray-based gene sets in the clinic. To address this problem, we propose a method that predicts disease status using gene expression data that are transformed by their ranks, a concept that is easily applied to two datasets that are obtained using different experimental platforms. NCI and colon cancer datasets, which were assessed using both Affymetrix and cDNA microarray platforms, were used for method validation. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to achieve good predictive performance for datasets that are obtained under different experimental conditions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the inhibition mechanism of cancer cell proof iferation caused by the petroleum-ether extract of ginseng against human rectum (HRT-18), colon (HT-29), llepatoma (Hep G2) and prostate (LNCaP) cancer cells and monkey kidney cells (Vero 76). Cells were treated with the petroleum-ether extract of ginseng (50 to 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) in G1 or S phase of the cell cycle, and proliferation and protein kinase C activity were measured. The petroleum-eth or extract of ginseng inhibited proliferation of HRT-18, HT-29, Hep G2 and LNCaP when treated in Gl phase, but not in S phase. This result shows that the ginseng extract arrests the cell cycle in G1 phase, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation. At the same concentrations, treatment of the ginseng extract in G1 phase decreased protein kinase C activity, while the treatment in S phase had no effect. This reault suggests that protein kinase C might be involved in the inhibition of the cell cycle and proliferation of cancer cells caused by the petroleum-ether extract of ginseng.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Transforming growth factor-$\beta$ (TGF-$\beta$) is the prototypical multifunctional cytokine, participating in the regulation of vital cellular activities such as proliferation and differentiations as well as a number of basic physiological functions. The effects of TGF-$\beta$ are critically dependent on the expression and distribution of a family of TGF-$\beta$ receptors, the TGF-$\beta$ types I, II, and III. It is now known that a wide variety of human pathology can be caused by aberrant expression and function of these receptors. the coding sequence of the type II receptor (RII) appears to render it uniquely susceptible to DNA replication errors in the course of normal cell division. By virtue of its key role in the regulation of cell proliferation, TGF-$\beta$ RII should be considered as a tumor suppressor gene. High levels of mutation in the TGF-$\beta$ RII gene have been observed in a wide range of primarily epithelial malignancies, including colon and gastric cancer. It appears likely that mutation of the TGF-$\beta$ RII gene may be a very critical step in the pathway of carcinogenesis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1999

Despite the impressive antitumor activity of cisplatin, two major limitations of the drug, that is severe side effects and drug-resistance of cancer cells, make its use difficult of r cancer therapy. These limitations have resulted in a greate deal of effort having been expended into structural modifications of cisplatin. In this study, we tested two novel cisplatin analogues, (CPA)2 Pt[DOLYM] (COMP-I) and (DACH)Pt[DOLYM] (CoMP-II), for the mode of cytotoxic action against human tumor cells comparing with cisplatin and carboplatin in vitro. These two novel analogues had considerable cytotoxic activities against five kinds of human solid tumor cells, and especially COMP-II was more effective on HCT15 colon cancer cells than other compounds. In addition, COMP-II had cytostatic activity at low concentrations (10~0.3${\mu}g/ml$), but other compounds revealed little effect on tumor growth at the low concentration.