• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.215-220
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• 1994

약배양에서 형성된 배를 GA$_3$가 첨가되지 많은 MS배지에 배양한 결과 발아률이 12.5%로 낮았으나, 0.3 mg/L GA$_3$가 첨가된 배지에서는 81.3%의 높은 발아률을 보였고 발아후의 생육양상도 양호하였다. 자엽출연기의 배를 GA$_3$ (0.3mg/L)가 첨가된 MS배지에서 20일 동안 전배양한 후 IAA, cytokinin 및 GA$_3$가 단용 또는 혼용된 배지에 배양한 바 배의 발아률은 모든 처리에서 72% 이상의 높은 발아률을 보였으나 발아후의 생육면에서는 2.0mg/의 BA 단용 또는0.1 mg/L의 kinetin과 0.3 mg/L의 G가 혼용된 배지에서 가장 좋았다. 0.5 mg/L GA$_3$가 첨가된 배지에 자엽출현기의 배를 이식하여 4$^{\circ}C$에 8주동안 저온처리하면서 저온처리 기간별 배의 발아률 및 발아후의 생육양상을 조사한 바 저온처리기간이 길어질수록 작약의 발아률이 향상되어 8주동안 저온처리된 배에서 73.3%의 가장 높은 발아률을 나타내었고 발아후의 생육양상도 가장 양호하였다. 작약의 체배양에서 재분화된 식물체의 배수성을 조사한 바 분화식물체 개체 중 반수체와 이배체가 각각 낙.8%와 31.2%로 가장 많았고, 4배체5.2%)와 3배체(1.3%)도 있었으며 염색체수가 4개(1.3%) 또는 6개(5.2%)인 이수체 있었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.75-84
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• 1992

The paper manufactories in Sangpyeong Industrial Estates, Chinju, produce more than 80 tons of paper-mill sludge cakes every day, which costs about 840 million won for dump per year. Since the paper-mill sludge is biodegradable, the sludge can he utilized as an organic fertilizer if it is properly decomposed. This may lead to not only dramatic cut of the treatment cost but prevention from secondary environmental contamination due to dump. The primary objective of the study was to explore the quantitative range of major enviromental parameters influencing early composting of paper-mill cakes, naturally pretreated in warn and cold weather. The automatically-controlled reactor was designed, manufactured, and operated for nine days to decompose about 2201 of raw sludge cakes. Four tests(Test 1-Test 4) were implemented for the study of Phase I. Treatments of two levels of initial temperature (40˚C and 28˚C) and two levels of water content + C/N ratio (35% + 40 and 63% + 80) were made to test the significance of their parameters for decomposition of raw sludge cakes pretreated in warm weather. Another four tests (Test 5- Test 8) were implemented for the study of Phase II. Treatments of initial temperature and water content(W/C) + C/N ratio of raw sludge pretreated in cold weather were made to 16˚C and 13% +58 for Test 5, 6˚C and 53% +55 for Test 6, 7˚C and 36% +81 for Test 7, 31˚C and 30% +81 for Test 8. Natural weater condition(pretreatment condition) revealed the importance m composting of the paper-mill sludge cakes. Combination of water content adjustment to about 30% with C/N ratio amendment of about 20 and initial temperature of 30~40˚C was concluded to be the best for early composting of paper-mill sludge cakes with aeration rate and pH fixed. Temperature and C/N ratio were adapted as judging variables for composting degree. In addition, tests for microbial activity were performed to validate the experimental results. Since the temperature and C/N ratio did not coincide in some tests as judging variables for the maturity of the composting sludges, taking one of these parameters could mislead the concept of the maturity (composting conceptually new criterion to provide more reliable information for early composting of paper-mill sludge cakes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.1948-1953
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• 2014

본 연구는 배암차즈기를 건조, 데침 및 발효에 따라 항염증 효능성분인 rosmarinic acid, homoplantaginin, luteolin의 함량 변화와 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. Rosmarinic acid는 열풍건조 시 16.42 mg/g, 데친 후 열풍건조 시 10.19 mg/g 순으로 검출되었으며, 동결건조 한 잎과 뿌리는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 음건 및 동결건조 시에는 각각 8.69와 8.15 mg/g으로 유의성이 인정되었으며, 발효 후에는 0.05 mg/g으로 감소하거나 검출되지 않았다. 동결건조, 음건 및 열풍건조 한 배암차즈기는 $500{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 98.5% 이상의 ABTS radical 소거능을 나타내었으며, 데친 후 열풍건조 시에도 87.3%의 우수한 radical 소거능을 나타내었다. 뿌리는 잎에 비하여 ABTS radical 소거능이 낮았다. SOD 유사활성은 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 6.1~27.8%로 측정되어 ABTS radical 소거능과 차이가 있었다. 배암차즈기에 함유되어 있는 주요 물질이며 항염증 효능 물질로 알려진 rosmarinic acid와 homoplantaginin은 차발효에 의해 거의 소실되기 때문에 배암차즈기를 기능성 차 또는 가공식품 원료로 개발하기 위해서는 차발효(산화발효)보다 동결, 냉풍 및 열풍건조가 적당할 것으로 판단된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2005

Gunggui-tang has been used for the therapy of blood disorders in Hangbang medicine for long time. Also, Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been used for deficientblood patterns with an irregular pulse or palpitations, coughing and wheezing, and heat or cold in the lungs. Melanogenesis is a physiological process resulting in the synthesis of melanin pigments. We investigated whether the water extract of Gunggui-tang plus G. uralensis inhibited melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Because the molecular events connecting the regulation in tyrosinase activity remain to be elucidated, we also aimed to determine whether Gunggui-tang gamibang(GTG) affects tyrosinase at the gene activation level in the cells. First, we showed that GTG inhibited the tyrosinase promoter activity and further, down-regulated the tyrosinase protein activity in ${\alpha}-melanocyte-stimulating$ hormone $({\alpha}-MSH)-treated$ B16 melanoma cells. GTG also resulted in a decrease of melanin content in MSH-induced melanogenesis, indicating that GTG may be a useful drug in studying the regulation of melanogenesis. The pretreatment of GTG significantly prevented phosphotransferase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and transcriptional activation of activating protein-1 (AP-1) in MSH-treated B16 melanoma cells. These findings indicate that GTG inhibits melanogenesis of B16 melanoma cells via suppression of phosphotransferase activity of JNK1 and transcriptional activation of AP-1.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.165-173
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dopaminergic drugs and the role of specific dopamine(DA) receptors on the release of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$. Serum TSH levels (cold-induced, $4{^{\circ}C}$) were determined using RIA(radioimmunoassay) at 30 min after administration of dopamine agonists and antagonists. Serum $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels were detected after these dopaminergic drugs were administered subcutaneously twice a day for a week. The results of the study are summarized as follows : Apomorphine, a nonspecific DA receptor agonist, produced a dose-depedent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, only low doses (0.3, 1.0mg/kg) of SKF38393, a specific $D_1$-receptor agonist, produced a decrease in serum lelvels of TSH. I,Y171555, a specific $D_2$-receptor agonist, produced a dose dependent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, SCH23390, a specific $D_1$-receptor antagonist, produced a decrease except in serum T levels which were increased dose dependently. High doses (1.0, 3.0mg/kg) of sulpiride, a specific $D_2$-receptor antagonist, made a increase in the serum levels of TSH and $T_3$. The effects of dopaminergic drugs in serum TSH and $T_4$ levels was potentiated by the pretreatment of apomorphine. The overall results of this study suggest that the regulation of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ secretion were mediated via specific $D_1$ and $D_2$ receptor.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.196-205
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate a method for improving the physical and mechanical properties of laminated board made from oil palm trunk (OPT). The effects of pretreating the lamina with heat-pressure and altering the lamina composition of the laminated board were investigated. The outer third of OPT in cross-section had high-density wood, while the underlying third had low to medium density. The hot press was applied to pretreat the lamina that had low to medium density. The lamina were 1.5 cm in thickness, 5 cm in width, and 65 cm in length. The hot press was applied at 2.94 MPa or 4.41 MPa at 150 ℃ for 60 minutes, and the target thickness of the lamina was 1 cm. The three layers of the laminated board samples were bonded with isocyanate adhesive at a glue spread of 300 g/㎡ and cold pressed at 0.98 MPa for 3 h. The laminated board samples were tested according to Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the densification of the inner lamina did not significantly affect the physical-mechanical properties of the laminated board produced. However, the laminated board made with high-density laminas for the outer layers fulfilled the JAS 234-2003 standard for the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.663-668
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• 2011

Galgeun-tang (GGT) has been a great source for treating cold diseases in the folk medicine recipe. Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) is one type of hepatotoxin that can eventually cause liver injury. During the experiment, we first studied the protective effects of GGT against $CC_4$-induced hepatotoxicity. GGT was pretreated for 3 h, and 1% $CCl_4$ was added to mouse primary liver cells. After 4 h, ROS generation and expression of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were analyzed by FACS and real time PCR. Also, the activities of ALT and LDH were measured using cultured medium. The hepatic levels of TNF-alpha and iNOS, which are related to inflammation and stress response gene, HSP72 and HO-1 were analyzed by PCR or real time PCR. Liver tissues were analyzed by HE stain. From the observation, we discovered that GGT treatment protects $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity, and that GGT pretreatment decreases ROS generation, TNF-alpha and iNOS expression. However, gene expression of CAT, SOD, GPx, HSP72 and HO-1 were increased by GGT. These results lead to the conclusion that GGT has protective effects against $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.582-593
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• 2022

Among abiotic stresses in plants, drought and chilling stresses reduce the supply of moisture to plant tissues, inhibit photosynthesis, and severely reduce plant growth and yield. Thus, the application of water stress-tolerant agents can be a useful strategy to maintain plant growth under abiotic stresses. This study assessed the effect of exogenous bio-based 2,3-butanediol (BDO) application on drought and chilling response in tomato and turfgrass, and expression levels of several plant signaling pathway-related gene transcripts. Bio-based 2,3-BDOs were formulated to levo-2,3-BDO 0.9% soluble concentrate (levo 0.9% SL) and meso-2,3-BDO 9% SL (meso 9% SL). Under drought and chilling stress conditions, the application of levo 0.9% SL in creeping bentgrass and meso 9% SL in tomato plants significantly reduced the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses. Interestingly, pretreatment with levo-2,3-BDO in creeping bentgrass and meso-2,3-BDO in tomato plants enhanced JA and SA signaling pathway-related gene transcript expression levels in different ways. In addition, all tomato plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (as a positive control) withered completely under chilling stress, whereas 2,3-BDO-treated tomato plants exhibited excellent cold tolerance. According to our findings, bio-based 2,3-BDO isomers as sustainable water stress-tolerant agents, levo- and meso-2,3-BDOs, could enhance tolerance to drought and/or chilling stresses in various plants through somewhat different molecular activities without any side effects.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

Objective : Gardeniae Fructus (GF) is the ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellisa with a bitter taste and cold properties. Ingredient compounds including geniposide are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GF on tBHP-induced PC12 cells. Methods : Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay, and apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression level of each protein was monitored by Western blot analysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed using DCFH-DA. Results : In PC12 cells, tBHP induced cell death through apoptosis with caspase activation and PARP inactivation. Cells treated with tBHP showed an increase in intracellular ROS and depletion of GSH. Pretreatment with GF prevented tBHP-induced apoptosis, reduced ROS, and increased GSH. GF also maintained increased Nrf2 expression in the presence of tBHP. Phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK was increased by tBHP, whereas phosphorylation of ERK was decreased. GF restored changes in ERK and p38 phosphorylation, but not JNK phosphorylation. Conclusion : These results indicate that GF has neuroprotective effects through anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects mediated by regulation of Nrf2 expression and phosphorylation of ERK and p38. It also demonstrates the potential use of GF as a source of antioxidant and neuroprotective substances.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.250-259
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• 1982

낙엽송(落葉松)은 몇가지의 세멘트경화장해물질(硬化障害物質)을 함유(含有)하고 있기 때문에 목질(木質)세멘트판(板)의 제조(製造)에 부적합(不適合)한 수종(樹種)으로 알려져 왔다. 따라서 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 국산(國産) 낙엽송재(落葉松材)의 플레이크를 이용(利用)한 목질(木質)세멘트판(板) 재질(材質)에 미치는 전처리(前處理) 및 첨가제(添加劑)의 효과(效果)를 구명(究明)하고자 실시(實施)되었다. 보드의 재질(材質)을 향상(向上)시키기 위(爲)하여 냉수처리(冷水處理) 및 0.1, 0.5, 2.0%NaOH 용액(溶液)에 원료(原料)flake를 전처리(前處理) 시켰으며, $CaCl_2$, $Al_2Cl_3$ 및 $Na_2SiO_4$ 등(等)의 첨가제(添加劑)를 목질(木質)-세멘트혼합시(混合時)에 첨가(添加)시켰다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 0.1%처리(處理)에서의 휨강도(强度)와 박리강도(剝離强度)는 냉수처리(冷水處理)에 비(比)하여 현저(顯著)한 강도증가효과(强度增加效果)를 나타냈다. 2. 휨강도(强度)는 0.1% 이상(以上)의 NaOH처리(處理)와 3% $CaCl_2$ (세멘트 대비(對比)) 첨가조건(添加條件)에서 JIS A-5417의 $60kg/cm^3$ 규격(規格)을 만족(滿足)시켰으며, 각(各) 첨가제(添加劑)는 공(共)히 0.5% 처리농도(處理濃度)에서 최대치(最大値)를 나타냈다. 3. 박리강도(剝離强度)는 0.1% 이상(以上)의 NaOH 처리(處理)에서 $CaCl_2$ 및 $Al_2Cl_3$의 첨가(添加)로 강도증가효과(强度增加效果)를 보였다. 4. NaOH처리농도(處理濃度)가 증가(增加)됨에 따라 팽창률(膨脹率)이 감소(減少)하여 치수안정상태(安定狀態)를 나타낸다. 5. 0.1% 이상(以上)의 NaOH처리(處理)에서 $Al_2Cl_3$, $CaCl_2$ 등(等)의 염화물(鹽化物)을 첨가(添加)시켰을 때 9.0~10.5%의 함수율(含水率)을 평형상태(平衡狀態)로 유지(維持)하였다. 6. 비중(比重)은 휨강도(强度) 및 박리강도(剝離强度) 등(等)의 강도적(强度的) 성질(性質)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있는 것으로 나타났다.