• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.176-183
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• 2020

The high-temperature stability of YSZ specimens fabricated by die pressure and cold isostatic press (CIP) is investigated in CaCl₂-CaF₂-CaO molten salt at 1,150 ℃. The experimental results are as follows: green density 46.7 % and 50.9 %; sintering density 93.3 % and 99.3 % for die press and CIP, respectively. YSZ foremd by CIP exhibits higher stability than YSZ formed by die press due to denseness dependency after high-temperature stability test. YSZ shows peaks mainly attributed to CaZrO₃, with a small t-ZrO₂ peak, unlike the high-intensity tetragonal-ZrO₂ (t-ZrO₂) peak observed for the asreceived specimen. The t-ZrO₂ phase of YSZ is likely stabilized by Y₂O₃, and the leaching of Y₂O₃ results in phase transformation from t-ZrO₂ to m-ZrO₂. CaZrO₃ likely forms from the reaction between CaO and m-ZrO₂. As the exposure time increases, more CaZrO₃ is observed in the internal region of YSZ, which could be attributed to the inward diffusion of molten salt and outward diffusion of the stabilizer (Y₂O₃) through the pores. This results in greater susceptibility to phase transformation and CaZrO₃ formation. To use SOM anodes for the electroreduction of various metals, YSZ stability must be improved by adjusting the high-density in the forming process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.675-681
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• 1994

[ $F_0$ ]-values of the canned tuna in cottonseed oil (CTCO) were investigated under different sterilizing conditions to optimize the energy consumption and microbiological safety. The $F_0$-values were measured using a microcomputer based technique. The exact cold point was not the volumetric center of the cans, and it was located in the center of meat mass in can which had ca. $6\%$ of head space. Location of the test cans in retort showed no remarkable influence on the $F_0$-values when the cans were jumble loaded. The process time before sterilization should be shortened as much as possible to prevent the contamination of microorganisms. Thermophilic spore forming bacteria found from raw and precooked tuna were Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pasteurii, and the most heat resistant was Bacillus subtilis. The rational $F_0$-value for the CTCO obtained from the preservation test was regarded as 6min.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.303-311
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• 1996

The microflora changes of 10 water-controled treatments combined with livestock manures(pig, chicken) and bulking agents(sawdust, paper sludge) were investigated. The B/F values of the P-1 and C-1(65%, $H_2O$) treatments were 3571 and 5400 respectively, but those of the P-4 and C-4(50%, $H_2O$) treatments showed very low values, 667 and 334, respectively. The B/F values tended to increase with higher water content of the treatments. In the composting processes, the successions of microflora, adapting the compost environments, took place via fluctuating temperature. In the high temperature period, the numbers of mesophilic bacteria and fungi decreased, but that of the spore forming bacteria increased. However, the number of mesophilic bacteria inereased during the cold period. The B/F values of compost ranged 25-300, which indicates a decrease in the quantity of bacteria. The time required for the temperature of compost to reach $60^{\circ}C$ showed different patterns. There was no pathogenic microorganism in the treatments which reached a high temperature in a short period of time, but, in the treatments which reached a high temperature over a Long period of time, the pathgenic microorganism was not still alive.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 1997

In Chinese medicine, the activities of removing and solving the inner cause are called the regimen in preventing the disease and the good condition of mind emphasizes us to practice ourselves the doctrine of regimen of the mind to promote the health and long life of the living body, in other words, it means we should have clean mind, less desire, less thought, less agony and widely open our emotion and will, and it also means the raising of good nature, the moral cultivation, and we can be healthy when we live by good virtus as the root of regiem. The meaning of the Qi has been expanded more and more since its origination throught the process of practice and perception of man. 1) Matter is changed to the smoke when burned, the energy of water becomes the rain in the sky and the rain raises all living creatures by making them wet. Throught these changes of circulation, men could realize the energy to be the common and original matter of forming all the creatures. 2) The direction of showing the breathing of men in and out has been expended. 3) It was widely understood as the meaning of showing vitality of men, and it was the original root of chinese medicine. 4) It was expended to be showing spirit of nature such as the sun, moon, star, sky, land, mountain and the moral spirit of men as peacefullness. By the original meaning of the word of energy expanded to the wider side of sky, land, men and things, nature, society, man and the moral spirit could get the unified basis of the matter. As the above, the word of Qi has been used in wider meaning at this time from the past. In other words, all things in the universe come into being and extinct by the chang of motion of the Qi and it is recognized to be the living activity in human body. The Qi-kong based on this energy and the motion applied to our daily life are very extensive (Lee, Hye - lung, 1997). Here are the summaries of the effect of the Qi-kong ; 1) The physical constitution is strenthened, physiological function is prosperous and we are free from various geriatric disease and psychosomatic disease not to mention the cold and indigestion. 2) It maintains the clear spirit, elevates intelligence, strengthens the spiritual power and demonstrates the potentiality at the amximum. 3) It maintain beautiful figure and clean skin never losing the charm but full of energy and vitality. 4) It keeps the balanced body never suffering from the unbalance of the bones, various and neuralgia. 5) It maintain the spiritual comfort, the natural posture in everything and real happiness (Lee, Hye-Jung, 1997 : Suh, Yong Kyu, 1989). Chinese medicine mentions the motion by Qi with Qi - kong. But the motion does not require special method in Western medicine. I t is the only way of living of our ancestor indaily life. It is maintaining the healthy lifr by training the Qi, and it is the motion of being with the nature with the open mind in breathing rather than artificially restricting our daily life, it is the motion of the body.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.27
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• pp.223-254
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• 2009

This thesis is aimed at researching the formation of democracy in socialist China. Due to a sense of cultural superiority on the basis of their developed civilization, they already formed a strong cultural nationalism, which has come to firm up into "Sinocentrism" through long periods of time. However, there arose a sense of crisis due to the Western invasion after the Opium War and the intellectuals in China happened to seek the solution to rescuing their mother land from ruin; in the midst of this process, the theory of social evolution of the West was introduced and accepted. The acceptance of this theory of social evolution gradually transformed in confrontation with a logical limit that China defeated in international competition could not but be plundered by imperialism after all, but it contributed to Chinese intellectuals' forming the concept of the modern state nationalism of the West deviating from cultural Sinocentrism. After the Russian Revolution, a large number of Chinese progressive intellectuals developed their socialist movement with the recognition that Marxism was a practicable alternative to rescue China from its crisis. The Chinese Communist Party was under guidance of the Comintern from the early process of its formation, in which they emphasized the fact the national liberation struggle in colonialized countries was an indispensable element in the world communist movement under the condition of the control of the world by imperialist capital at that time and subsequently, Marxism characterized by resistant nationalism in China gained its cause. Afterwards, the People's Republic of China was established by the Chinese Communists which came to get widespread support from the Chinese through anti-imperialism &feudalism in the process of the Sino-Japanese War, and thus China equipped with a full-blown socialism system set sails. However, with the relations with the Soviet Union getting worse under the international conditions of a cold war, the development of the Chinese socialism couldn't but resort to the concentrated power of its people, which was linked to the boost of continuous patriotism of the Chinese Communists. Particularly, due to the newly-emerging contradictions after reform & opening [gig kifng], China underwent disruption; thus, as an ideology to integrate such disruptive elements, Sinocentrism based on China's cultural pride re-appeared. Recently, a very strong form of Sinocentrism has come to the fore as their superiority of traditional cultures is emphasized in China whose international position as an economic power has been raised.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

As conventional oil and gas reservoirs become depleted, interests for oil sands has rapidly increased in the last decade. Oil sands are mixture of bitumen, water, and host sediments of sand and clay. Most oil sand is unconsolidated sand that is held together by bitumen. Bitumen has hydrocarbon in situ viscosity of >10,000 centipoises (cP) at reservoir condition and has API gravity between $8-14^{\circ}$. The largest oil sand deposits are in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The reverves are approximated at 1.7 trillion barrels of initial oil-in-place and 173 billion barrels of remaining established reserves. Alberta has a number of oil sands deposits which are grouped into three oil sand development areas - the Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River, with the largest current bitumen production from Athabasca. Principal oil sands deposits consist of the McMurray Fm and Wabiskaw Mbr in Athabasca area, the Gething and Bluesky formations in Peace River area, and relatively thin multi-reservoir deposits of McMurray, Clearwater, and Grand Rapid formations in Cold Lake area. The reservoir sediments were deposited in the foreland basin (Western Canada Sedimentary Basin) formed by collision between the Pacific and North America plates and the subsequent thrusting movements in the Mesozoic. The deposits are underlain by basement rocks of Paleozoic carbonates with highly variable topography. The oil sands deposits were formed during the Early Cretaceous transgression which occurred along the Cretaceous Interior Seaway in North America. The oil-sands-hosting McMurray and Wabiskaw deposits in the Athabasca area consist of the lower fluvial and the upper estuarine-offshore sediments, reflecting the broad and overall transgression. The deposits are characterized by facies heterogeneity of channelized reservoir sands and non-reservoir muds. Main reservoir bodies of the McMurray Formation are fluvial and estuarine channel-point bar complexes which are interbedded with fine-grained deposits formed in floodplain, tidal flat, and estuarine bay. The Wabiskaw deposits (basal member of the Clearwater Formation) commonly comprise sheet-shaped offshore muds and sands, but occasionally show deep-incision into the McMurray deposits, forming channelized reservoir sand bodies of oil sands. In Canada, bitumen of oil sands deposits is produced by surface mining or in-situ thermal recovery processes. Bitumen sands recovered by surface mining are changed into synthetic crude oil through extraction and upgrading processes. On the other hand, bitumen produced by in-situ thermal recovery is transported to refinery only through bitumen blending process. The in-situ thermal recovery technology is represented by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage and Cyclic Steam Stimulation. These technologies are based on steam injection into bitumen sand reservoirs for increase in reservoir in-situ temperature and in bitumen mobility. In oil sands reservoirs, efficiency for steam propagation is controlled mainly by reservoir geology. Accordingly, understanding of geological factors and characteristics of oil sands reservoir deposits is prerequisite for well-designed development planning and effective bitumen production. As significant geological factors and characteristics in oil sands reservoir deposits, this study suggests (1) pay of bitumen sands and connectivity, (2) bitumen content and saturation, (3) geologic structure, (4) distribution of mud baffles and plugs, (5) thickness and lateral continuity of mud interbeds, (6) distribution of water-saturated sands, (7) distribution of gas-saturated sands, (8) direction of lateral accretion of point bar, (9) distribution of diagenetic layers and nodules, and (10) texture and fabric change within reservoir sand body.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.77-106
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• 1986

In the field of fisheries, there is at the apex Central Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, established under the Fishery Cooperatives Law(1962), It is a multipurpose organization with a membership of 105 cooperatives, 87 regional cooperatives, 15 business-type cooperatives and 3 manufactures' cooperatives. Accordingly, this thesis examines the marketing of fishery cooperatives in Korea, and in particular considers the marketing channel strategy of fisheries products. No company can perform by itself all the activities involved in the production and distribution of its products and services to its final markets. It must work with other firms to get the job done. Thus marketing channel firms of the fisheries products include primarily the fishery cooperatives, the licensed In the field of fisheries, there is at the apex Central Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, established under the Fishery Cooperatives Law (1962). It is a multipurpose organization with a membership of 105 cooperatives, 87 regional cooperatives, 15 business-type cooperatives and 3 manufactures' cooperatives. Accordingly, this thesis examines the marketing of fishery cooperatives in Korea, and in particular considers the marketing channel strategy of fisheries products. No company can perform by itself all the activities involved in the production and distribution of its products and services to its final markets. It must work with other firms to get the job done. Thus marketing channel firms of the fisheries products include primarily the fishery cooperatives, the licensed dealers and the merchant middlemen. The goal of marketing is in matching of segments of supply and demand. Every producer seeks to the link the marketing channel firms that will help it accomplish its objective best. This thesis tries to attempt to improve the present Korean Fishery Cooperatives marketing activities. The purpose of the operation of fishery cooperatives is to guarantee the profits of fisherman as well as the interests of general consumers by eliminating the inordinate profits of middlemen and by narrowing other market margins. Fishery cooperatives marketing activity functions forming a self-helf organization for economic protection of producers themselves, and acting as a market reformational institution through its transaction by group. The following are the characteristics of fishery cooperatives marketing. \circled1 Fishery cooperatives is organized with an economic factor and a personnel factor. \circled2 Fishery cooperatives is non-profit organization. \circled3 The members of fishery cooperatives is independent constitution of economy, but they are closely connected with the cooperative. \circled4 Fishery cooperatives is a mutual aid organization. The objective of an efficient marketing strategy may be well described by the common saying provides the right product at the right time, the right place, and the right price. But it is quite true that the Korean Fishermen's Cooperative can be said to owe its development to the successful implementation of the marketing system. The use of the marketing system has resulted in the following marketing strategy. 1. The direct marketing system. \circled1 The cooperation between the fishery cooperatives and the other cooperative through the collection and delivery center. \circled2 The selling between the fishery cooperatives and the large scale retailers through the process industry. 2. The vertical marketing system. \circled1The fishermen's cooperative to be nominated by wholesaler in the terminal market. \circled2 Contracted vertical marketing system. \circled3 Abolition of selling by double auction in the landing and the terminal market. 3. The physical distribution system. \circled1 The need for adoption of cold chain system to connect production directly to consumption. \circled2 The need for more expansion of landing markets and terminal market facilities. Solutions to the problems of the Korean fishery are made possible through effective functioning of cooperative marketing activities of fishery products. The marketing concept of fishermen's cooperative lies in the satisfaction of consumer needs. According to the marketing concept fishermen's cooperative should try to satisfy customer's needs through a coodinated set of activities that allows the organization to achieve its goal. Providing satisfaction to customers is the major trust of the marketing concept. To do this, a business must find out what will satisfy customers. With this information the cooperative sells to the greatest possible number of customers through the most efficient sales and marketing channels. Economic rationality of fishermen's cooperative marketing lies in reduction of marketing cost and elimination of intermediate institutions. Cooperative marketing and direct marketing are both indispensable marketing factors for a new cooperative organization among the manu ways. The cooperation between the fishermen's cooperative and the others cooperative, and vertical marketing system are the most necessary ones. Propulsion of cooperative marketing system could not be successful without the support of the marketing instituion's help. Consequently, successful cooperative marketing ought to lead to the necessity not only for the improvement of marketing organization, but for the application of a new marketing concept in the fishermen's cooperative.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.191-212
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• 2015

Unlike the existing researches related to salespersons, this study intends to place the focus on salespersons' psychological characteristic as an element affecting their selling behavior. This is because employees' psychological characteristic is very likely to affect their devotion and commitment to relationship with customers and long-term production by a company. In particular, salespersons are likely to get a feeling of fatigue or loss, or make a cynical or cold response to customers because of frequent interaction with them, and to show emotional indifference in an attempt to keep their distance from customers. But the likelihood can vary depending on salespersons' own psychological characteristic; in particular, the occurrence of these phenomena is very likely to vary significantly depending on relationship belief in interpersonal relations. In the field of psychology, under way are researches related to personal psychological characteristics to improve the quality of interpersonal relations and to maximize personal performance and enhance situational adaptability during this process; it is a personal relationship belief that is recently mentioned as such a psychological characteristic. For salespersons having frequent interaction with customers, particularly, relationship belief can be a very important element in forming relations with customers. So this study aims at determining how salespersons' relationship belief affects negative emotion regulation strategies and prosocial behavior to customer. As a result, salespersons' relationship belief was found to have effects on their negative emotion regulation strategies and prosocial behavior to customer. Negative emotion regulation strategies was found to have effects on prosocial behavior. Salespersons with intimate relationship belief try to use active regulation, support-seeking regulation and salespersons with controlling relationship belief try to use avoidant/distractive regulation. Intimate relationship belief was found to have more prosocial behavior, controlling relationship belief was found to have less prosocial behavior to customer. salespersons' negative emotion regulation strategies was found to have effects on their prosocial behavior to customer. Active, support-seeking influence prosocial behavior to customer positively, avoidant/distractive regulation influence prosocial behavior to customer negatively.