• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2013

Objectives Yusanghan(類傷寒) means disease which chills and fever manifest like Cold damage(傷寒) but not Cold damage. However, study on Yussanghan is insignificant. The purpose of this study is to examine the origin and development process of Yusanghan. Methods: 1. Terms and disease related with Yusanghan was collected from books covering Cold damage of all time and analyzed. 2. The transition history was researched by analyzing collected terms. 3. Total appearance frequency of all time by collected disease was researched. Results: Yusanghan was appeared in Hwalinseo(活人書), which Ju Geong(朱肱) of the Song Dynasty wrote, for the first time and the definition and type were established. For the types of those, there are four diseases such as Phlegm-Fluid Retention(痰飮), Food Accumulation(食積), Vexation of Deficiency Type(虛煩), Beriberi(脚氣). Since then, the theory about Yusanghan had developed and the number of types had also increased until the Myung Dynasty. Conclusions: In early days, External Contraction Diseases(外感病) was not included in Yusanghan, but since the late Myung Dynasty, there were a lot of doctors who included External Contraction Diseases in Yusanghan, not in Cold damage. There are Summerheat Stroke, Wind-Dampness(風濕), and Warm Disease(溫病) etc. for included External Contraction Diseases. Because of this, the number of types of Yusanhan had significantly increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.14-16
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• 1991

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-187
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• 2010

The concept of latent-gi(伏氣) was first mentioned in Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. For example, Elementary Questions states, "Damage by cold in winter necessarily engenders warm disease in the spring." Zhang Zhong-Jing of Han Dynasty in On Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases mentions warm disease, stating, for example, "Greater yang disease with heat effusion and cough and without aversion to cold is warm disease. If sweating is applied, and there is generalized heat, this is wind warmth." However, the concept of warm disease was not central to his systematic presentation of externally contracted disease which placed the emphasis on wind and cold as the major causes of these diseases. Zhang Zhong-Jing's theories centuries after in the Sung Dynasty were to become the focus of the cold damage school, whereas the concept of warm disease was to become the focus of a rival school, the warm disease school. In the Sui-Tang Period, The Origin and Indications of Disease mentions warm diseases, their causes, patterns, and major principles of treatment. Successive generations of doctors wrote about warm disease, and in the Ming Dynasty writings on the subject become more prolific. This development is attributable on the one hand to the opening up of the south of China where febrile diseases tended to be of a different nature than in the north, and on the other to pestilences arising as a result of wars. In this period, Wu You-Xing in On Warm Epidemics explained in detail the laws governing the origin, development and pattern identification of warm epidemics. Notably, he posed the etiological notion of a contagious perverse gi.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.149-174
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• 2014

Objectives to study definition and treatment of dizziness in the books of Cold damage which are classified as symptoms of all time. Methods 1. Quote provisions related to dizziness in "Sanghanlon(傷寒論)" 2. Among the books of Cold damage which are classified as symptoms, select 19 literatures on dizziness with table of contents and collect data and categorize in two perspectives on theories and disease pattern. 3. Compare and draw a chart all data collected in above methods. Results & Conclusions 1. In the books on Cold damage, dizziness is expressed in 2 ways such as head dizziness(頭眩) and fainting(鬱冒). fainting is much more several symptoms than head dizziness and it is the difference that it has mental confusion. 2. The cause of head dizziness after promoting sweating, vomiting and purgation is that source qi(元氣) of upper energizer(上焦) is deficiency, and cause of head dizziness before using method of treatment is wind(風), heat(熱), phlegm(痰), blood deficiency(血虛) and etc. 3. Main cause of fainting is that deficiency is getting severe so that cold invades, and symptoms are blood deficiency, after giving birth and excess pattern of fire and heat. 4. Remedies for head dizziness are using Yeonggyechulgam-tang(苓桂朮甘湯), jinmu-tang(眞武湯), sosiho-tang(小柴胡湯), sagunja-tang(四君子湯), samul-tang(四物湯) and etc. 5. Insamsambaek-tang (人蔘三白湯) and Sayeok-tang(四逆湯) are used for deficiency pattern of fainting, and Dojeok-san(導赤散), Daeseunggi-tang(大承氣湯), and Hwangryeonhaedok-tang(黃連解毒湯) are used for excess pattern(實證).

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2023

Objectives : This study aims to examine the multi-layered meanings of Li Dongyuan's concept of 'internal damage' through examining the origins of the 'internal damage' concept together with discussions derived from his 'Differentiation of Internal and External Damage'. Methods : Rather than Li's original works, those done by later doctors who were influenced by Li were thoroughly examined in this study to determine the relationships among internal and external damage, and external contraction. Results : Based on discussions related to the 'differentiation of internal and external damage' following Li, his concept of 'internal damage' could be understood as multi-layered, as it contains both spatial as well as pathogenic meaning. Therefore the meaning behind categorizations of internal and external damage, and internal damage and external contraction could be different. Li's 'internal damage' concept includes not only internal pathogen but elements of external contraction of wind and cold, which seems to have been integrated into the 'Cold Damage Theory' after Zhu Danxi, seemingly having changed the concept of cold damage. Therefore, discussions on the crossing between internal damage and external contraction have on one hand expanded the boundaries of each concept, while on the other hand, have caused confusion between the two at times. Conclusions : The concept of 'internal damage' has been widely accepted due to Li Dongyuan, on which related discussions have been centered. However, the concept was originally multi-layered, naturally leading to various discussions. Future studies should focus on the relationship of 'internal damage' with 'external damage' or 'external contraction', beyond the theories of Li.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1986.06a
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• pp.78-79
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• 1986

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

It was described in "Somun Jogyeongron" that Eum(Yin)-Yang' deficiency, excess and exuberance. According to "Somun Jogyeongron", It was known that the syndrome of Yang deficiency and exuberance is belong to external contraction, Eum deficiency and exuberance is belong to internal damage. The syndrome of Yang deficiency is belong to Gyejitang[contraction of wind] which constitutional weakness as the main etiological factor of deficiency conditions. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is belong to Mahwangtang[cold damage] which constitutional strong as the main etiological factor of exuberance conditions. Eum deficiency is so dysfunction of the spleen and stomach that Eum fluid and essence is not engender, distributed. So the dysfunction of spleen and stomach makes dampness-heat obstruction and then makes Internal heat at last. The syndrome of Eum deficiency is applicable to bojungikgitang. As contrasted with Eum deficiency, Eum exuberance is occurred cold-dampness obstruction, which we call 'Eum exuberance'. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is applicable to Ijungtang. In the light of "Somun Jogyongron", We explain that the syndrome of Yin deficiency and Yin exuberance, which was caused by dampness-heat, cold-dampness obstruction and internal damage based on disorder of the spleen and stomach.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.407-428
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• 1991

The eastern coastal area having variability of climate is located within Taebaek mountain range and the east coast of Korea. It is therefore ease to cause the wind damages in paddy field during rice growing season. The wind damages to rice plant in this area were mainly caused by the Fohn wind (dry and hot wind) blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the cold humid wind from the coast. The dry wind cause such as the white head, broken leaves, cut-leaves, dried leaves, shattering of grain, glume discolouration and lodging, On the other hand the cold humid wind derived from Ootsuku air mass in summer cause such symptom as the poor rice growth, degeneration of rachis brenches and poor ripening. To minimize the wind damages and utilize as a preparatory data for wind injury of rice in future, several experiments such as the selection of wind resistant variety to wind damage, determination of optimum transplanting date, improvement of fertilizer application methods, improvement of soils and effect of wind break net were carried out for 8 years from 1982 to 1989 in the eastern coastal area. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. According to available statisical data from Korean meteorological services (1954-1989) it is apperent that cold humid winds frequently cause damage to rice fields from August 10th to September 10th, it is therefore advisable to plan rice cultivation in such a way that the heading date should not be later than August 10th. 2. During the rice production season, two winds cause severe damage to the rice fields in eastern coastal area of Korea. One is the Fohn winds blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the other is the cold humid wind form the coast. The frequency of occurrence of each wind was 25%. 3. To avoid damage caused by typhoon winds three different varieties of rice were planted at various areas. 4. In the eastern coastal area of Korea, the optimum ripening temperature for rice was about 22.2$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum heading date wad August 10th. The optimum transplanting time for the earily maturity variety was June 10th., medium maturity variety was May 20th and that of late maturity was May 10th by means of growing days degree (GDD) from transplanting date to heading date. 5.38% of this coastal area is sandy loamy soil while 28% is high humus soil. These soil types are very poor for rice cultivation. In this coastal area, the water table is high, the drainage is poor and the water temperature is low. The low water temperature makes it difficult for urea to dissolve, as a result rice growth was delayed, and the rice plant became sterile. But over application of urea resulted in blast disease in rice plants. It is therefore advise that Ammonium sulphate is used in this area instead of urea. 6. The low temperature of the soil inhibits activities of microorganism for phosphorus utilization so the rice plant could not easily absorb the phosphorus in the soil. Therefore phosphorus should be applied in splits from transplanting to panicle initiation rather than based application. 7. Wind damage was severe in the sandy loamy soil as compared to clay soils. With the application of silicate. compost and soil from mointain area. the sand loamy soil was improved for rice grain colour and ripening. 8. The use of wind break nets created a mocro-climate such as increased air. soil and water temperature as well as the reduction of wind velocity by 30%. This hastened rice growth, reduced white head and glume discolouration. improved rice quality and increased yield. 9. Two meter high wind break net was used around the rice experimental fields and the top of it. The material was polyethylene sheets. The optimum spacing was 0.5Cm x 0.5Cm. and that of setting up the wind break net was before panicle initiation. With this set up, the field was avoided off th cold humid wind and the Fohn. The yield in the treatment was 20% higher than the control. 10. After typhoon, paddy field was irrigated deeply and water was sprayed to reduce white head, glume discolouration, so rice yield was increased because of increasing ripening ratio and 1, 000 grain weight.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2003

This study was conducted to develop proper model for cold storage facility that could of for uniform heat movement and air movement f3r green grocery and improve improper design of the existing container-type cold storage facility. For that reason, new model(dome-type) cold storage facility was developed using 3-D CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulation. The size was 6m${\times}$6m${\times}$5m. Its size and configuration were same to simulation model. Unit cooler was designed to send cold air in 4 side ways. A dome-type cold storage facility showed uniform distributions of air temperature and velocity because cold air was forced to move down along the ceiling and the wall and then circulated to the unit cooler from the central part of the floor. Dome-type cold storage facility also showed by low wind velocity, below 1 m/s that could minimized cold damage and quality deterioration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.701-707
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• 2021

In this study, we examined the sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature (AT), and their time lag in response to an extreme cold wave in 2018 and a weak cold wave in 2019, cross-correlating these to the northern wind direction frequency. The data used in this study include SST observations of seven ocean buoys Real-time Information System for Aquaculture Environment provided by the National Institute of Fisheries Science and automatic weather station AT near them recorded every hour; null data was interpolated. A finite impulse response filter was used to identify the appropriate data period. In the extreme cold wave in 2018, the seven locations indicated low SST caused by moving cold air through the northern wind direction. A warm cold wave in 2019, the locations showed that the AT data was similar to the normal AT data, but the SST data did not change notably. During the extreme cold wave of 2018, data showed a high correlation coefficient of about 0.7 and a time lag of about 14 hours between AT and SST; during the weak cold wave of 2019, the correlation coefficient was 0.44-0.67 and time lag about 20 hours between AT and SST. This research will contribute to rapid response to such climate phenomena while minimizing aquaculture damage.