• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cohort study

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Quantitative CT Analysis Based on Smoking Habits and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients with Normal Chest CT (정상 흉부 단층촬영 검사에서 흡연 및 폐쇄성 폐질환 유무에 따른 정량화 검사 분석)

  • Jung Hee Byon;Gong Yong Jin;Young Min Han;Eun Jung Choi;Kum Ju Chae;Eun Hae Park
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.84 no.4
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    • pp.900-910
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    • 2023
  • Purpose To assess normal CT scans with quantitative CT (QCT) analysis based on smoking habits and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and Methods From January 2013 to December 2014, 90 male patients with normal chest CT and quantification analysis results were enrolled in our study [non-COPD never-smokers (n = 38) and smokers (n = 45), COPD smokers (n = 7)]. In addition, an age-matched cohort study was performed for seven smokers with COPD. The square root of the wall area of a hypothetical bronchus of internal perimeter 10 mm (Pi10), skewness, kurtosis, mean lung attenuation (MLA), and percentage of low attenuation area (%LAA) were evaluated. Results Among patients without COPD, the Pi10 of smokers (4.176 ± 0.282) was about 0.1 mm thicker than that of never-smokers (4.070 ± 0.191, p = 0.047), and skewness and kurtosis of smokers (2.628 ± 0.484 and 6.448 ± 3.427) were lower than never-smokers (2.884 ± 0.624, p = 0.038 and 8.594 ± 4.944, p = 0.02). The Pi10 of COPD smokers (4.429 ± 0.435, n = 7) was about 0.4 mm thicker than never-smokers without COPD (3.996 ± 0.115, n = 14, p = 0.005). There were no significant differences in MLA and %LAA between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Even on normal CT scans, QCT showed that the airway walls of smokers are thicker than never-smokers regardless of COPD and it preceded lung parenchymal changes.

Modeling Brand Equity for Lifestyle Brand Extensions: A Strategic Approach into Generation Y vs. Baby Boomer (생활방식품패확장적품패자산건모(生活方式品牌扩张的品牌资产建模): 침대Y세대화영인조소비자적전략로경(针对Y世代和婴儿潮消费者的战略路径))

  • Kim, Eun-Young;Brandon, Lynn
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.35-48
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    • 2010
  • Today, the fashion market challenged by a maturing retail market needs a new paradigm in the "evolution of brand" to improve their comparative advantages. An important issue in fashion marketing is lifestyle brand extension with a specific aim to meet consumers' specific needs for their changing lifestyle. For fashion brand extensions into lifestyle product categories, Gen Y and Baby Boomer are emerging as "prospects"-Baby Boomers who are renovating their lifestyle, and generation Y experiencing changes in their life stage-with demands for buying new products. Therefore, it is imperative that apparel companies pay special attention to the consumer cohort for brand extension to create and manage their brand equity in a new product category. The purposes of this study are to (a) evaluate brand equity between parent and extension brands; (b) identify consumers' perceived marketing elements for brand extension; and (c) estimate a structural equation model for examining causative relationship between marketing elements and brand equity for brand extensions in lifestyle product category including home fashion items for the selected two groups (e.g., Gen Y, and Baby boomer). For theoretical frameworks, this study focused on the traditional marketing 4P's mix to identify what marketing element is more importantly related to brand extension equity for this study. It is assumed that comparable marketing capability can be critical to establish "brand extension equity", leads to successfully entering the new categories. Drawing from the relevant literature, this study developed research hypotheses incorporating brand equity factors and marketing elements by focusing on the selected consumers (e.g., Gen Y, Baby Boomer). In the context of brand extension in the lifestyle products, constructs of brand equity consist of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions (e.g., perceived quality, emotional value) and brand resonance adapted from CBBE factors (Keller, 2001). It is postulated that the marketing elements create brand extension equity in terms of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions by the brand extension into lifestyle products, which in turn influence brand resonance. For data collection, the sample was comprised of Korean female consumers in Gen Y and Baby Boomer consumer categories who have a high demand for lifestyle products due to changing their lifecycles. A total of 651 usable questionnaires were obtained from female consumers of Gen Y (n=326) and Baby Boomer (n=325) in South Korea. Structural and measurement models using a correlation matrix was estimated using LISREL 8.8. Findings indicated that perceived marketing elements for brand extension consisted of three factors: price/store image, product, and advertising. In the model of Gen Y consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on brand equity factors (e.g., brand awareness/association, perceived quality), while product had positive effect on emotional value in the brand extensions; and the brand awareness/association was likely to increase the perceived quality and emotional value, leading to brand resonance for brand extensions in the lifestyle products. In the model of Baby Boomer consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on perceived quality, which created brand resonance of brand extension; and product had a positive effect on perceived quality and emotional value, which leads to brand resonance for brand extension in the lifestyle products. However, advertising was negatively related to brand equity for both groups. This study provides an insight for fashion marketers in developing a successful brand extension strategy, leading to a sustainable competitive advantage. This study complements and extends prior works in the brand extension through critical factors of marketing efforts that affect brand extension success. Findings support a synergy effect on leveraging of fashion brand extensions (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Tauber, 1988; Shine et al., 2007; Pitta and Katsanis, 1995) in conjunction with marketing actions for entering into the new product category. Thus, it is recommended that marketers targeting both Gen Y and Baby Boomer can reduce marketing cost for entering the new product category (e.g., home furnishings) by standardized marketing efforts; fashion marketers can (a) offer extension lines with premium ranges of price; (b) place an emphasis on upscale features of store image positioning by a retail channel (e.g., specialty department store) in Korea, and (c) combine apparel with lifestyle product assortments including innovative style and designer’s limited editions. With respect to brand equity, a key to successful brand extension is consumers’ brand awareness or association that ensures brand identity with new product category. It is imperative for marketers to have knowledge of what contributes to more concrete associations in a market entry into new product categories. For fashion brands, a second key of brand extension can be a "luxury" lifestyle approach into new product categories, in that higher price or store image had impact on perceived quality that established brand resonance. More importantly, this study increases the theoretical understanding of brand extension and suggests directions for marketers as they establish marketing program at Gen Y and Baby Boomers.

Comparison of the Neurologic Outcome according to the Method of Proximal Graft Anastomosis at the Aortic Side during Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: The Heartstring Sealing System versus Conventional Manual Anastomosis (무심폐기 관상동맥 우회술에 있어서 이식편의 대동맥부 근위부 문합 방법에 따른 수술 후 신경학적 합병증 발생의 비교: 하트스트링을 이용한 방법 대 고식적인 수기 문합술)

  • Cho, Won-Chul;Kim, Joon-Bum;Kim, Hee-Jung;Kim, Hwan-Wook;Kim, Yun-Seok;Jung, Jae-Seung;Choo, Suk-Jung
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.441-446
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    • 2009
  • Background: Side clamping of ascending aorta during proximal graft anastomosis in coronary bypassing surgery in-creases the risk of direct aortic injury as well as embolization of intimal atheroma. Heartstring proximal sealing system (Guidant Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif), developed to avoid aortic side clamping, may minimize risks of such complications. The aim of the current study is to compare the surgical outcomes of the two proximal anastomosis techniquesi.e., Heartstring system versus aortic side clamping in off pump coronary bypassing' surgery (OPCAB). Material and Method: From January 2003 to August 2008, 499 patients underwent OPCAB. Of them, proximal graft anastomosis was performed using Heartstring system in 182 patients (Group I) and conventional manual anastomosis in 317 patients (Group II). The two groups were compared for postoperative major complications and mortality. Result: Two groups showed similar characteristics in terms of preoperative demographic data, left ventricular ejection fraction, renal function and history of diabetes, hypertension and smoking. Although there was no inter-group difference in the history of cerebral ischemia (p=0.48), preoperative brain magnetic resonance angiography revealed greater incidence of severe carotid artery stenosis (>75% of lumen) in the Group I than in the. Group II (44.5% in the Group I and 30.0% in the Group II, p=0.003). There were no inter-group differences in postoperative mortality (p=0.40) and complications (p=0.47) including neurologic events (3 in the Group land 2 in the Group II, p=0.258). Whereas neurologic events all comprised transient ischemic attacks in the Group I, they comprised multiple embolic strokes in the Group II. One patient in the Group II experienced aortic dissection during proximal anastomosis which resulted in ascending aortic replacement. Conclusion: Although proximal anastomosis using Heartstring system did not show statistically significant benefit over aortic side clamping, the. absence of embolic stroke maybe a definite benefit which may be better defined through further studies over a larger cohort.

Genetic Polymorphism of Epoxide Hydrolase and GSTM1 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (만성폐쇄성폐질환 발생에 Epoxide hydrolase와 GSTM1유전자 다형성의 의의)

  • Park, Sang Sun;Kim, Eun Joung;Son, Chang Young;Wi, Jeong Ook;Park, Kyung Hwa;Cho, Gye Jung;Ju, Jin Young;Kim, Kyu Sik;Kim, Yu II;Lim, Sung Chul;Kim, Young Chul;Park, Kyung Ok;Na, Kook Joo
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.55 no.1
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    • pp.88-97
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    • 2003
  • Background : Although smoking is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), only 10-20% of cigarette smokers develop symptomatic COPD, which suggests the presence of genetic susceptibility. This genetic susceptibility to COPD might depend on variations in the activities of the enzyme that detoxify hazardous chemical products, such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) and glutathione-S transferase M1 subunit (GSTM1) genes. Methods : The genotypes of 58 patients with COPD, and 79 age matched control subjects, were determined by a polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for the mEPHX, and multiplex PCR for the GSTM1. Results : GSTM1 was deleted in 53.3% of the subjects. There was no difference in GSTM1 deletion rates between the COPD patients (32/58, 55.2%) and the control subjects (41/79, 51.9%). The combination patterns of two polymorphisms of mEPHX showed slow enzyme activity in 29(21.2%), normal in 73(53.3%) and fast in 32(23.4%). The COPD group (7/57, 12.3%) showed a significantly lower incidence of slow enzyme activity compared to the control subjects (22/77, 28.6%, p<0.05). However, when the COPD and control groups were compared with smokers only, there were no significant differences in the genotypes of GSTM1 and mEPHX. Conclusion : The genotypes of GSTM1 and mEPHX were not significant risk factors of COPD in this cohort of study.

Tuberculin Skin Test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Assay before and after Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Health Care Workers in Local Tertiary Hospital (일개 병원의 의료인에서 투베르쿨린 검사와 QuantiFERON-TB Gold 검사를 이용한 잠복결핵의 진단과 치료 전후의 변화)

  • Lee, Seung Jun;Kim, Hyeon Sik;Ma, Jung Eun;Lee, Sang Min;Ham, HyunSeok;Cho, Yu Ji;Jeong, Yi Yeong;Kim, Ho Cheol;Lee, Jong Deok;Kim, Sun-Joo;Hwang, Young Sil
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.62 no.4
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    • pp.270-275
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    • 2007
  • The QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay and tuberculin skin test (TST) have been useful test for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infections (LTBI). However, there are few reports on the efficacy of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay and TST in evaluating the response after the treatment of LTBI. This study examined the changes in the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay before and after a treatment for latent tuberculosis in health care workers (HCWs) at a local tertiary hospital. Methods: A cohort of volunteers working as nurses and doctors who underwent a TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay was established. The volunteers positive for the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay had been treated with 3 months of isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RFP). After completing treatment, the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay were repeated. Results: Of the 48 participants (14 doctors, 34 nurses, M: F=11:37, mean $age=29.9{\pm}5.5$ years, mean employment $period=74.9{\pm}64.3$ months), 19 (39.6%) tested positive to the TST (mean induration=$19.1{\pm}9.7mm$) and 8 (16.7%) were QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay. Among them, one had active pulmonary tuberculosis. Seven volunteers were consistently positive to both the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay after being medicated with INH and RFP for 3 months. Conclusion: TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay are unsuitable for evaluating the treatment response of LTBI because they were consistently positive both before and after the anti-tuberculosis medication.

Comparison of the Serum Cholesterol, Insulin Resistance and Markers of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Hepatitis C Virus RNA (C형 간염 바이러스 RNA 유무에 따른 지질, 인슐린저항성 및 대사증후군 지표 수준의 차이)

  • Cho, Sung-Hwan;Kim, Yun-Jin;Lee, Sang-Yeoup;Cho, Byung-Mann;Hwang, Hye-Lim;Yi, Yu-Hyeon;Cho, Young-Hye;Tak, Young-Jin;Jeong, Dong-Wook;Lee, Seung-Hun;Lee, Jeong-Gyu
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.205-216
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    • 2016
  • Objectives: We compared the difference of lipid, insulin resistance and metabolic markers based on HCV RNA in Korean adults.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 222 subjects visited the health promotion center of Pusan nationaluniversity hospital from 2004 to 2007. Subjects were anti-HCV antibody positive and were performed RT-PCR for HCV RNA. The HCV RNA (+) group were 85 subjects, HCV RNA (-) control group were 115 subjects, and the HCV RNA (-) but past positive group were 22 subjects. We performed anthropometry, anti-HCV, RT-PCR, plasma concentrations of insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride.Results: BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance such as HOMA-IR and QUICKI were not significantly different between HCV RNA positive and negative groups. The serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol level were significantly lower in the HCV RNA positive group than in the negative group ($186.24{\pm}37.63$ vs $197.22{\pm}37.23$ mg/dl, p=0.041, $111.66{\pm}34.06$ vs $121.38{\pm}35.50$ mg/dl, p=0.042). After adjusting age and sex, high total cholesterol (${\geq}200mg/dl$) (adjusted OR=0.51, 95%CI 0.28-0.94, p=0.03) and high LDL cholesterol (${\geq}130mg/dl$) (adjusted OR=0.46, 95%CI 0.24~0.87, p=0.02) were inversely associated with being HCV RNA positive (p<0.05). Conclusion: The serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level were significantly lower in HCV RNA (+) group than in HCV RNA (-) group, but not in HCV RNA (-) but past positive group. Prospective cohort studies are needed to clarify the relationship between HCV RNA and metabolic markers.

Relevance of Serum Vitamin D and Indices Related To Cardiovascular Disease Among Korean Adults (한국 성인의 혈청 비타민 D 수준과 심혈관 질환 관련 지표와의 관련성)

  • Kim, Han-Soo;Ryu, So-Yeon
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.365-374
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    • 2018
  • This study investigated the relationship between Vitamin D levels and indices related to cardiovascular disease in Korean adults aged ${\geq}19years$. The data for analysis were obtained from the sixth Korea National Health Nutrition Examination Survey in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that the incidence of Vitamin D deficiency was 73.1% among Korean adults and that indices related to cardiovascular disease showed an increasing trend (55.6% of Korean adults). The relationship between Vitamin D levels and indices related to cardiovascular disease with controlled physical activity status was also studied. The odds ratios (ORs) for age were 1.72 for the 4-62 years age group (95% CI, 1.53-1.93) and 2.05 for the ${\geq}65years$ age group (95% CI, 1.71-2.45). For blood pressure, the OR for pre-hypertension was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15-1.47) and that for hypertension was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.11-1.54). For body mass index (BMI), the OR was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66) and that for waist circumference (WC) was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11-1.66). For fasting blood sugar (FBS), the OR for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.21-1.55) and that for diabetes mellitus (DM) was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.05-1.65). The OR for total cholesterol (TC) was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.11-1.52) and that for triglycerides (TG) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.04-1.37) in Korean adults. There was a significant relationship between Vitamin D and indices related to cardiovascular disease in Korean adults with respect to age, blood pressure, FBS, BMI, TC and TG. Confirmation of a causal relationship between Vitamin D and indices related to cardiovascular disease may require further research consisting of more systematic cohort studies.

Association Between Parental Socioeconomic Level, Overweight, and Eating Habits with Diet Quality in Korean Sixth Grade School Children (부모의 사회경제적 수준 (가구 월수입, 부모 교육수준)과 초등학교 6학년 학생의 과체중 및 식습관, 식사 질과의 관계)

  • Jang, Han-Byul;Park, Ju-Yeon;Lee, Hye-Ja;Kang, Jae-Heon;Park, Kyung-Hee;Song, Ji-Hyun
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.44 no.5
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    • pp.416-427
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    • 2011
  • This study investigated the association among parental socioeconomic level, overweight, and eating habits with diet quality in Korean sixth grade school children. A 3-day dietary survey was conducted, and a questionnaire and anthropometric data were collected from the Korean child obesity cohort (320 boys and 345 girls). The children were classified into two groups (low or high level) based on monthly household income and paternal and maternal education status. Lower maternal education status was associated with a higher risk for overweight in girls (odd ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.44), whereas belonging to a higher socioeconomic group in terms of parental income or parental education level resulted in the consumption of significantly more fruit. Boys did not show significant differences in the intake of most nutrients or diet quality regardless of socioeconomic status. However, girls in the lower socioeconomic group had a lower food habit score (higher frequency of breakfast skipping and ramen noodle consumption), diet quality, and intake of nutrients (carbohydrate, vitamin C, potassium, and fiber) than those in the higher socioeconomic group. Therefore future nutrition policies and interventions should support parents and children with lower socioeconomic status to develop health-related behaviors that may prevent childhood overweight.

Treatment and Prognosis for an Esthesioneuroblastoma over a 20-Year Period: Impact of Treatment Era (감각신경모세포종의 20년에 걸친 치료와 예후 분석: 치료 시기에 따른 차이)

  • Song, Chang-Hoon;Kim, Il-Han;Wu, Hong-Gyun;Kim, Dong-Wan;Rhee, Chae-Seo
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.189-193
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: To report on the changes in the patterns of care and survival over time for esthesioneuroblastoma. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 42 previously untreated and histologically confirmed esthesioneuroblastoma patients seen between March 1989 and June 2007. According to Kadish's classification, 3 patients (7%) were stage A, 6 (14%) at stage B, and 33 (79%) at stage C. Of the 33 Kadish C patients, 19 and 14 patients were treated from 1989 through 2000 and from 2001 through 2007, respectively. Treatment included surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. Chemotherapy was administered to 8 of 19 patients (42%) seen from 1989 through 2000, whereas all of the 14 patients seen from 2001 through 2007 received chemotherapy (p<0.001). No patient was treated by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) from 1989 through 2000, however 8 of 14 patients (67%) seen from 2001 through 2007 underwent 3D-CRT (p<0.001). The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 6.5 years (range, 2.2~15.8 years). Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates for the entire cohort were 53% and 39%, respectively. The 5-year OS was 100% for Kadish stages A or B and 39% for stage C (p=0.007). For patients with stage C disease who were treated from 1989 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2007, the 5-year OS rate was 26% and 59% (p=0.029), respectively and the corresponding 5-year PFS rate was 16% and 46% (p=0.001), respectively. Intraorbital extension and treatment era (1989~2000 vs. 2001~2007) were found as independent factors for OS and PFS in a multivariate analyses. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that treatment era, which features a distinction in treatment modality and technique with the introduction of 3D-CRT, may be the cause of improved OS and PFS in Kadish stage C patients. To achieve better outcomes for patients with Kadish stage C, combined chemoradiotherapy, especially 3D-CRT, is recommended in addition to surgery.

Relationship between Intake of Milk and Milk Products and Bone Health by Sex and Age-Group in Koreans - Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008~2011 (성별, 연령별에 따른 우유·유제품 섭취와 골 건강과의 관련성 - 2008~2011 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여)

  • Baek, Sang Woo;Lee, Heon Ok;Kim, Hyun Ja;Won, Eun Sook;Ha, Young Sik;Shin, Yong Kook;Om, Ae Son
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.4
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    • pp.513-522
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to examine the relationships between milk and milk product intake and bone health. The data from the 2008~2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used for data analysis. Subjects included 4,626 men and 6,144 women aged 19 to 64 years. Daily intake frequency of milk and milk products was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire and divided into two categories: less than one serving per day and more than one serving per day. Bone mineral density (BMD) values of total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were compared based on daily intake frequency, and relationships between milk and milk product daily intake frequency and osteoporosis risk were evaluated based on logistic regression. In men aged 30~39, BMDs of total femur and femoral neck were significantly higher in the group that consumed milk more than one serving per day (P<0.05). Intake frequency of milk and milk products was also significantly related to both BMDs of total femur and femoral neck. The odds ratio (OR) for milk intake frequency (more than one serving per day) compared to intake frequency less than one serving per day was 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21~0.62], and the OR for milk and milk products intake frequency (more than one serving per day) was 0.49 (95% CI 0.28~0.86) in women aged 50~64. These results indicate that increased consumption of milk and its products is associated with reduced risk of bone health disease, and adequate intakes of milk and milk products might play an important role in maintaining optimum bone health. Further research on the causal relationship and dose-response association between milk intake and bone heath using prospective cohort data is required prior to applying the observed results to programs that prevent bone health problems.