• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2020

The main structural elements of historical masonry arch bridges are arches, spandrel walls, piers and foundations. The most vulnerable structural elements of masonry arch bridges under transverse seismic loads, particularly in the case of out-of-plane actions, are spandrel wall. The vulnerability of spandrel walls under transverse loads increases with the increasing of their length and height. This paper computationally investigates the out-of-plane nonlinear seismic response of spandrel walls of long-span and high masonry stone arch bridges. The Malabadi Bridge with a main arch span of 40.86m and rise of 23.45m built in 1147 in Diyarbakır, Turkey, is selected as an example. The Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) material model adjusted to masonry structures, and cohesive interface interaction between the infill and the spandrel walls and the arch are considered in the 3D finite element model of the selected bridge. Firstly, mode shapes with and without cohesive interfaces are evaluated, and then out-of-plane seismic failure responses of the spandrel walls with and without the cohesive interfaces are determined and compared with respect to the displacements, strains and stresses.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.157-170
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 억지말뚝을 이용한 점성토지반 절토사면에 대한 새로운 설계법이 제안된다. 이 설계법에서는 사면의 기울기와 높이, 억지말뚝열의 수와 설치위치, 말뚝의 간격과 강성 등의 요소를 체계적으로 선택할 수 있게 되어 있다. 이 설계법은 줄말뚝을 포함한 사면의 안정해석법에 근거하여 확립될 수 있다 말뚝으로 사면을 안정시킬 수 있는 기본적인 개념은 줄말뚝이 산사태와 같은 측방변형지반속에 설치되어 있을 경우 말뚝사이의 지반이 지반아칭현상에 의하여 억지 될 수 있다는데 있다. 줄말뚝을 포함한 사면의 전체안정을 검토하기 위하여 말뚝안정해석과 사면안정해석이 동시에 실시되어야 한다. 제안된 설계법에 따라 설계된 점성토지반 절토사면에 계측기를 설치하여 말뚝 및 말뚝사이 지반의 거동을 면밀히 관찰하였다. 이를 통하여 점성토지반 절토사면에 설치된 억지말뚝의 사면안정효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.645-667
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• 2015

Single treatment and staged treatments in vertical wells are widely applied in sandstone and mudstone thin interbedded (SMTI) reservoir to stimulate the reservoir. The keys and difficulties of stimulating this category of formations are to avoid hydraulic fracture propagating through the interface between shale and sand as well as control the fracture height. In this paper, the cohesive zone method was utilized to build the 3-dimensional fracture dynamic propagation model in shale and sand interbedded formation based on the cohesive damage element. Staged treatments and single treatment were simulated by single fracture propagation model and double fractures propagation model respectively. Study on the changes of fracture vicinity stress field during propagation is to compare and analyze the parameters which influence the interfacial induced stresses between two different fracturing methods. As a result, we can prejudge how difficult it is that the fracture propagates along its height direction. The induced stress increases as the pumping rate increasing and it changes as a parabolic function of the fluid viscosity. The optimized pump rate is $4.8m^3/min$ and fluid viscosity is $0.1Pa{\cdot}s$ to avoid the over extending of hydraulic fracture in height direction. The simulation outcomes were applied in the field to optimize the treatment parameters and the staged treatments was suggested to get a better production than single treatment.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

To give a solution for seismic stability of tunnel faces subjected to earthquake ground shakings, the pseudo-dynamic approach is originally introduced to analyze tunnel face stability in this study. In the light of the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis, an advanced three-dimensional mechanism combined with pseudo-dynamic approach is proposed. Based on this mechanism, the required support pressure on tunnel face can be obtained by equaling external work rates to the internal energy dissipation and implementing an optimization searching procedure related to time. Both time and space feature of seismic waves are properly accounted for in the proposed mechanism. For this reason, the proposed mechanism can better represent the actual influence of seismic motion and has a remarkable advantage in evaluating the effects of vertical seismic acceleration, soil amplification factor, seismic wave period and initial phase difference on tunnel face stability. Furthermore, the pseudo-dynamic approach is compared with the pseudo-static approach. The difference between them is illustrated from a new but understandable perspective. The comparison demonstrates that the pseudo-static approach is a conservative method but still could provide precise enough results as the pseudo-dynamic approach if the value of seismic wavelengths is large or the height of soil structures is small.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

This paper is concerned with experimental investigation of steering performance of a tracked vehicle on extremely soft soil. A tracked vehicle model with principal dimensions of 0.9 m(L)x0.75 m(B)x0.4 m(H) and weight of 167 kg was constructed with a pair of driving chain links, driven by two AC-servo motors. The tracks were configured with detachable grousers with variable span. A deep seabed was simulated by means of a bentonite-water mixture in a soil bin of 6.0 m(L)x3.7 m(B)x0.7 m(H). The turning radii of vehicle and driving torques of motors were measured with respect to experiment variables: steering ratio, driving speed, grouser chevron angle, grouser span, and grouser height. L8 orthogonal table is adopted for DOE (Design of experiment). The effects of experiment variables on steering performance are evaluated.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.353-353
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• 2009

It is an important task to construct a recycling society with a low damage on the environment in our century. Magnetic separation is expected to be applied for the industrial waste treatment as an important supporting technology. In the magnetic separation of dry condition, the cohesive force between particles is strong compared with that in the wet condition's magnetic separation. The use of high magnetic field by the superconducting magnet enhances the powder's magnetic substance capture ability of the magnetic separation. In this study, the POSCO's coolant sludge of hot rolled steel was used for the superconducting magnetic separation of dry condition. Cryo-cooled NB-Ti superconducting magnet with 100 mm room temperature bore and 600 mm of height was used for magnetic separator.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.193-193
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• 2010

Magnetic separation is expected to be applied for material refinement as an important supporting technology. In the superconducting magnetic separation, the cohesive force between particles is strong compared with that in the other magnetic separation. The use of high magnetic field by the superconducting magnet enhances the magnetic substance capture ability of the magnetic separation. Industrial raw materials was used for the superconducting magnetic separation. Cry-cooled, NB-Ti superconducting magnet with. 100 mm room temperature bore and 600 mm of height was used for magnetic separator.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the surface roughness of zirconia when using Zircos E etching system (ZSAT), applying a nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid compound as a pretreatment agent, and also to compare the shear bonding strength according to different resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. ZSAT, air abrasion, and tribochemical silicacoating were applied on prepared 120 zirconia specimens (10 mm in diameter, 7 mm in height) using CAD/CAM. Each 12 specimens with 4 different resin cements (Panavia F 2.0, Rely X Unicem, Superbond C&B, and Hot bond) were applied to test interfacial bond strength. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results are as follows: after application of the ZSAT on the zirconia specimens, surface roughness value after 2-hour etching was higher than those after 1- and 3-hour etching on SEM images. RESULTS. For Superbond C&B and Rely X Unicem, the specimens treated with ZSAT showed higher shear bond strength values than those treated with air abrasion and tribochemical silicacoating system. Regarding the failure mode of interface over cement and zirconia surface, Rely X Unicem and Hot bond showed cohesive failures and Panavia F 2.0 and Superbond C&B showed mixed failures. CONCLUSION. Zircos E etching system in zirconia restoration could increase its shear bond strength. However, its long term success rate and clinical application should be further evaluated.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 1990

점성토(粘性土)의 일축압축시험(一軸壓縮試驗)에서 공시체(供試體)의 크기와 압축속도(壓縮速度)를 변화(變化)시키면서 실시(實施)한 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시체(供試體)의 단면(斷面)이 증가(增加)하면 일축압축강도(一軸壓縮强度)는 감소(減少)하는 현상(現像)을 나타낸다. 2. 공시체(供試體)의 높이와 지름의 비(比)가 증가(增加)하면 일축압축강도(一軸壓縮强度)는 감소(減少)하였다. 3. 압축속도(壓縮速度)가 매년(每年) 3%까지는 일축압축강도(一軸壓縮强度)가 증가(增加)했으나 3%를 초과(超過)하면 오히려 감소(減少)하는 현상(現像)을 나타냈다. 4. 압축속도(壓縮速度)가 클수록 변형계수(變形係數)는 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 고속도로 도로부의 표준단면을 대상으로 패널식 보강토 옹벽의 높이별 안전율과 경제성에 대해 비교 검토하였다. 설계기준에 따라 하중조건은 고속도로의 단면 및 형상조건을 고려하여 콘크리트 포장의 사하중과 차량하중을 재하하고 최상단 보강재의 경우 방호벽의 충돌하중을 고려하였다. 보강재의 길이는 보강토 옹벽의 높이에 따라 0.9H로 배치하였기 때문에, 보강토체의 형상에 따라 지배되는 외적 안정성에 대해 높이의 증가에 따른 영향은 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 지지력에 대한 안전율은 보강토 옹벽의 높이에 따라 자중이 증가되기 때문에 급격히 감소되었다. 복합중력식 설계법에 따른 내적 안정성을 검토한 결과, 인발 안전율은 증가되고 파단 안전율은 감소되었다. 보강토 옹벽의 높이가 증가될수록 활동력으로 작용되는 수평토압과 저항력으로 작용되는 수직토압이 함께 증가되기 때문에 인발의 안전율은 증가되었다. 돌기형 강재 보강재의 장기 허용인장력은 상수이기 때문에, 높이에 따라 활동력에 대한 안전율은 수평토압이 증가되어 감소되었다. 블록식 보강토 옹벽보다는 패널식 보강토 옹벽의 경제성이 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 기존 옹벽과 비교하면 5.0 m이상의 높이에서 패널식 보강토 옹벽의 경제성이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.