• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2019

인간의 감성은 인간관계 속에서 발현되는 선험적으로 주체하지 못하는 감정의 오류를 현명하게 절제할 수 있도록 도와주며, 합리적인 선택을 할 수 있도록 감정에 명령하기 때문에 나와 타인의 행복(幸福)에 기여하게 된다. Abraham은 하나밖에 없는 아들, 그것도 백 세가다되어 얻은 아들을 제물로 바치라는 신의 명령에 고민에 빠졌을 것이다. 이때 그의 이성은 과연 합리적이었을까? 이성적 사유로는 자신의 아들을 바치는 행위가 적합한 행위라고 사유할 수 있겠지만, 인간의 마음으로는 그것이 과연 가능할 것인가? 또한 Aristoteles는 인간을 위한 선(善)에 있어서 인간적인 덕에 대해 정신의 덕이라고 하였다. 행복(幸福)도 정신의 활동이기 때문에 우리는 정신에 대해 어느 정도 알아야 한다고 말하였다. 이 ψυχή(psyche, 영혼) 정신(精神)은 비이성적인 요소로 눈에 보이지 않지만 이성적 원리에 개입하는 어떤 작용이다. 또한 C. G. Jung은 모든 인간은 눈에 드러나지는 않지만 역동적인 네 가지 심리기능을 가지고 있으며, 마음이 움직이는 것은 이러한 4가지 기능적 차원에 의한다는 것이다. 이것은 감각(S, Sensing), 직관(N, Intuition), 사고(T, Thinking), 감정(F, Feeling)의 요소가 복합적으로 작용하고 있다는 것이다. 또한 David Hume은 도덕은 이성에서 유래될 수 없다고 단정하면서 공감의 원리를 역설하였으며, Max Ferdinand Scheler는 어떤 사람의 시각적 특징을 파악하기 전에 이미 그 사람에 대한 전체적인 느낌을 마음속에 포착해 대응 태세를 취하게 되며, 이 느낌 속에 주어지는 것이 바로 가치이며, 이러한 과정을 통하여 가치가 부여됨으로써 인식 대상으로 고양되고, 가치를 파악하는 감정의 작용은 언제나 이성보다 선행하여 일어난다고 하였다. Emmanuel Levinas는 지극히 감정적인 사랑의 감정은 이성에 앞서며, 감성이 인간의 이성적 사유와 합리성에 앞선다는 것은 감정의 통제 불능에서 우리는 통제가능성과 절제의 요구로서 이성적 사유와 합리적이고 현명한 실천이성을 요구하게 되기 때문이라고 언급하였다. 인간의 감성적인 교육의 일환으로 도덕윤리과 교육과정에서는 Bloom의 인지적 정의적 행동적영역의 통합적인 사고를 갖춘 존재로서 도덕적 실천행위를 하는 존재를 이상형으로 지향하고 있다. 어떻게 하면 덕스러운 행위에 대한 감정의 지향성을 따르는 행위를 할 수 있으며, 또 어떻게 하면 부덕한 행위에 대한 감정의 지양성을 함양할 수 있을 것인가에 초점이 맞춰져 있다. 이러한 문제해결의 방향성은 바로 '덕감(德感) 강화'의 원리와 '부덕감(不德感)제거'의 원리로 우리는 인간의 감성(感性)과 행복감(幸福感) 함양에 대한 가능성과 방향성을 설계할 수 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.81-115
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• 1992

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)