• Anxiety and mood
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2005

Benzodiazepines are widely used for a variety of conditions in psychiatric field. In this article, the author reviewed the indications, the effects on anxiety and sleep disorders, the side effects, the drug-drug interactions, and the tapering strategies. Benzodiazepines were relatively safe and useful for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. However, used clinically, benzodiazepines can induce many adverse effects (e. g. over-sedation, cognitive impairments, paradoxical effects, dependence and withdrawal symptoms, and so on). Currently available informations about their effects on the developing fetus is controversial. For this reason, pregnant women and nursing mother should be cautioned against the use of benzodiazepines. Drug-drug interactions have to be considered in combination treatments. For the tapering issues, gradual tapering was important to prevent the withdrawal symptoms. Especially, the tapering schedules have to be individualized for the each long-term benzodiapzepine users.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.23-32
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the level of the cognitive function, and to identify the influencing factors on cognitive function in women cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. This study attempted to provide basic data useful to development of nursing intervention and improve the quality of life in women cancer patients. Methods : As a cross-sectional descriptive study, women with receiving chemotherapy above one cycle were recruited. One hundred and twenty-five women cancer patients who met the study criteria agreed to participate in the study. The questionnaire set consisted of cognitive function, quality of life, depression, anxiety and information on demographic and clinical characteristics. Results : There was no statistically significant difference in clinical characteristics according to the cognitive function. The cognitive function was higher the more low age (F=9.937, p<.001), and the more high education level (F=12.332, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis showed the predictors were significantly related to cognitive function. age, education, and the number of chemotherapy explained 31.8% of the cognitive function. Conclusions : This result of this study provides basic information about factors influencing cognitive function, although study findings are insufficient in explaining related variables among women cancer patients. Even though women cancer patients were receiving chemotherapy, this study showed that the level of cognitive function was high. In order to receive better results and findings the period decreasing cognitive function, further studies are need to measure cognitive function according to the passage of time during or after chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.349-360
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• 2018

This study analyzed variations of learning stress by comparing the salivary cortisol levels of students who participated in Earth Science inquiry activities. The cortisol concentrations between the pre- and post-inquiries of the sample of 34 university students, who had taken the course of 'Basic Earth Science and Experiments', were analyzed. The Earth Science inquiries consisted of geology and astronomy activities. The observational geology activities consisted of a session of 'structure contours and map patterns' and the cognitive astronomy activities consisted of a session of 'representations of horizontal and equatorial coordinates'. These Earth Science inquiry activities were found to cause students to have anxiety, and the thought processes that these activities involved were found to cause learning stress. The variations in cortisol concentrations of students increased by $1.6{\pm}5.9ng\;mL^{-1}$ after conducting observational activities in geology compared with $2.1{\pm}6.2ng\;mL^{-1}$ after doing cognitive activities in astronomy. The analysis of the observational activities in the geology inquiry activities indicated that they were consistent with low levels of learning stress. Conversely, the analysis of the cognitive activities in the astronomy inquiry activities showed significant individual variations in cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, individual differences in cognitive ability were reflected in the astronomy inquiry activities. While students, who received high scores, exhibited low levels of stress in the geology inquiry activities, they showed high levels of stress in the astronomy inquiry activities. It was concluded that, in the case of students with high scores in the study, the level of learning stress increased due to the raised anxiety in cognitive inquiry activities. In contrast, students, who received low scores in the study, exhibited high levels of stress in the geology inquiry activities, and low levels of stress in the astronomy inquiry activities.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

Purpose: To investigate the post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) and to analyze the factors affecting the quality of life (QoL) of survivors of critical illness. Methods: Subjects were 114 outpatients who had been discharged from intensive care units of a university hospital in B city, Korea. From July 30 through September 30, 2015, PICS was assessed using the Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale, Korean Instrumental/Activities of Daily Living (K-I/ADL) index, and handwriting transformation, while physical and mental health-related QoL was measured using the SF-12. Results: Of the subjects, 39.5% were screened for mild cognitive disorder and 23.7% experienced handwriting transformation after discharge. Multiple regression analysis revealed that restraint application, current job, time of ${\geq}36$ months after discharge, depression, anxiety, and handwriting transformation accounted for 40.9% of the physical health-related QoL, and depression, anxiety and experience of delirium accounted for 62.4% of the mental health-related QoL. Conclusions: It is necessary to make efforts to reduce restraint application in intensive care units and prevent the occurrence of delirium, with the objective of reducing PICS and improving the QoL of critical illness survivors.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2010

Objectives : Tic disorder is known to be a chronic neuro-behavioral disease, cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) strategies, like habit reversal training (HRT), are introducing recently. We report the effectiveness of HRT in Tourette disorder, which are very common in clinical settings. Methods : The DSM-IV clinical diagnosis applied by child psychiatrist. YGTSS, Kovac's children's depression inventory, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Abbreviated Conners' Rating Scales, Dupaul ADHD Rating Scales are used. Ultimately, totally 10 children were evaluated. Subject group are consist of 6 boys and 4 girls, and the mean age was $10.90{\pm}1.73$ years old. This study is treatment-refractory 10 patients (from 9-14 years old) though 1 years drug treatment and psychiatric consultation were taken. We administered 5 times of HRT for 4 weeks. Results and Conclusion : There were improvement of scores in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Clinical Global Improvement. Our observations indicate that HRT might be effective in the treatment of Tourette disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2021

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures neural activation due to various cognitive processes. EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in studies investigating psychopathology and neural substrates of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to review recent ERP studies in child and adolescent psychiatry. ERPs are non-invasive methods for studying synaptic functions in the brain. ERP might be a candidate biomarker in child-adolescent psychiatry, considering its ability to reflect cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. For the EEG study of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents, several ERP components have been used, such as mismatch negativity, P300, error-related negativity (ERN), and reward positivity (RewP). Regarding executive functions and inhibition in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), P300 latency, and ERN were significantly different in patients with ADHD compared to those in the healthy population. ERN showed meaningful changes in patients with anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with depression showed significantly attenuated RewP compared to the healthy population, which was related to the symptoms of anhedonia.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.201-211
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• 2017

Social scientists have studied interaction between human beings, while computer scientists have expanded the research domain from human-human to human-machine, human-agent, or machine-machine. The reason why an adoption of Smart Work is failed is an anxiety about ICT usage which middle managers have. It is important to explore the concept both to reduce an anxiety on an application and to increase continuance to use it. Therefore this study takes "empathy" as a key factor to play a leading role both to relieve the anxiety about the application and to improve the intention to use it. The data is gathered from a survey of undergraduate who have experience to use MS-Access. The findings show that application empathy decrease the application anxiety, but the empathy increase the continuance mediated by cognitive and affective attitude.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.275-281
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• 2001

This study examined the relationship between psychopathology(depression, anxiety, aggression), maladaptive cognitions(negative cognitive errors, attributional biases), and age of children with ADHD. 40 ADHD children and their mother completed questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety, aggression level and maladaptive cognitions of children. The results showed that maladaptive cognitions of children with ADHD was not significantly associated with their depression, anxiety, aggression level. Age was negatively related to internal stable attributions for negative events that was characteristic in depression, and had significantly effect on internal stable attributions for negative events. As age of ADHD children increased, their internal attribution for negative events reduced. It seems that their depression and anxiety level is associated with current stress event rather than maladaptive cognitions. Suggestions and limitations of this study, and the directions for future study were discussed.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

Benzodiazepine (BDZ) has the possibilities of development of tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and abuse/addiction, as well as chronically adverse effects. Although many guidelines have proposed the restricted prescription of them, their uses in many psychiatric areas as well as primary practice are still wide spread. So we tried to reappraise the clinical characteristics of BDZ and then to consider the appropriate use. Firstly, meta-analyses on long-term use of BDZ indicated the cognitive impairment, which could be improved after discontinuation of BDZ. Next, there have been some evidences that the long-term use of BDZ does not develop tolerance, contrary to our concern, and maintains good anxiolytic effects. Also, physiological dependence should be discriminated from abuse/addiction, assuming the reality that the risk of BDZ abuse/addiction is surely overestimated. These issues are discussed in detail.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2011

Cognitive models of panic disorder have emphasized cognitive distortions' roles in the maintenance and treatment of panic disorder (PD). However, the patient's difficulty with identifying and managing emotional experiences might contribute to an enduring vulnerability to panic attacks. Numerous researchers, employing emotion processing paradigms and neuroimaging techniques, have investigated the empirical evidence for poor emotion processing in PD. For years, researchers considered that abnormal emotion processing in PD might reflect a dysfunction of the frontal-temporal-limbic circuits. Although neuropsychological studies have not provided consistent results regarding this model, a few studies have tried to find the biological basis of dysfunctional emotion processing in PD. In this article, we examine the possibility of dysregulation of emotion processing in PD. Specifically we discuss the neural basis of emotion processing and the manner in which such neurocognitive impairments may help clarify PD's core symptoms.