• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2020

Long-term exposure to environmental pollutants can impair the human skin's barrier function and promote skin aging mechanisms. The visible consequences of these effects are dryness, wrinkles, black spots and worsening skin sensitivity. As awareness of the effects of environmental stressors on the skin has recently increased, consumers' demand for cosmetics that can provide anti-pollution effects is increasing. In this study, the possibility of anti-pollution cosmetic material was investigated by measuring the inhibitory effect of free radicals using a mixture of Nypa fruticans Wurmb (NF), Saussurea neoserrata (SN), Codium fragile (CF) and Enteromorpha compressa (EC), which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against irritation caused by dust. Combining the experimental results of a mixture of NF, SN, CF and EC by induction of fine dust stimulation, inhibition of inflammatory factors (PGE₂) and intracellular free radicals (ROS) by inhibiting effects were significant, indicating the possibility of use as anti-pollution cosmetics. The most plants used as sources of anti-pollution cosmetic ingredients contain antioxidants as active substances. In our highly industrialized and chemically polluted world, it is not surprising that most plants used as sources of anti-pollution cosmetic ingredients contain antioxidants as active substances. Considering our results, it can be suggested that this anti-pollutant consisting of NF, SN, CF and EC may be a good ingredient for skincare products for the cosmetic industry due to their antioxidant properties, which may especially alter skin aging.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2010

To fine out the anti-inflammatory activities of the C. fragile. and its mechanism were investigated in macrophages induced by Peptidoglycan (PGN). Treatments of macrophages with 100 ug/ml of ethanol extract of Codium fragile (EECF) inhibited PGN-induced IL-6, NO and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner as well as expression of iNOS and COX-2. EECF inhibited PGN-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, JNK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which suggests that EECF inhibits IL-6 and NO secretion by blocking MAPKs phosphorylation. These findings may help elucidate the mechanism by which EECF modulates RAW 264.7 cell activation under inflammatory conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.164-171
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• 2005

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, an edible green alga is farmed in Korea by natural blooming zygotes attachment. Experiments were conducted to reveal the conditions for artificial seed production of C. fragile by sexual and asexual reproduction. Growth was compared between zygotes attachment (sexual reproduction) and isolated utricles with medullary filaments (asexual reproduction). Zygotes and isolated utricles with medullary filaments were cultured under different light conditions (10, 20, 40, 60 and $100\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) under 16:8LD. Maximum growth of zygote was $261.3{\pm}21.0\;{\mu}m$ under $15^{\circ}C$ and $20\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ after 13 days culture. Maximum regeneration of isolated medullary filament was $8.1{\pm}1.7\;mm$ per one isolated utricle under $20^{\circ}C$ and $100\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ after 15 days culture. After intermediate culture during two months in the field, morphogenesis occurred in both sexual and asexual reproduction, and growth of young thalli was not significantly different (p>0.05) between the both reproduction methods. Even though seed production of C. fragile is possible in both sexual and asexual reproduction, the mass artificial seed production of asexual reproduction is much more effective than that of sexual reproduction that is too much affected by maturity.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1989

The present work was carried out to investigate the maturing period and the morphology of utricle Codium fragile collected from April 1984 to March 1985 in the coast of Chumgmu southern of Korea. Ranges of water temperature and salinity during the survey period were $7.5\~27.0^{\circ}C$ and $32.9\~34.5\%_{\circ}$, respectively. The gametangia were produced throughout the year. Mature gametangia were present on plants collected from June to November, whereas most of plants collected from January to May occured as the elongated utricles with both mature and immature gametangia. As for the sexuality, most of plants were dioecious and some monoecious, and there were more male gametophytes rather than female gametophytes. Some plants collected during winter months of December to February were observed as thalli with both brunted and elongated utricles, and male and female gametangia occured together on a single utricle.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 2010

Codium fragile (CF) is an edible green alga consumed as a traditional food source in Korea. In this study, the ethanol extract of CF was evaluated to determine if it has anti-inflammatory activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin from bacteria, is a potent inducer of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-6. Therefore, we studied whether CF extracts have an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7). In the present study, IL-6 production was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), prostaglandin $E_2$($PGE_2$) production was measured using the EIA kit, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation were determined by Western blot analysis. IL-6 mRNA, COX-2 mRNA and iNOS mRNA expression were measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results indicated that CF extracts inhibit LPS-induced IL-6, NO and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner, as well as expression of iNOS and COX-2. CF extracts significantly inhibited LPS-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings may help elucidate the mechanism by which CF modulates RAW 264.7 cell activation under inflammatory conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.328-334
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to analyze proximate composition, dietary fiber, mineral content, fatty acid composition in Cheonggak (Codium fragile) in order to encourage the consumption of Cheonggak. The proximate composition of Cheonggak was found to be 5.51% moisture, 24.09% crude ash, 15.79% crude protein, 2.47% crude lipid and 45.31% dietary fiber. The major mineral content of Cheonggak was Na 8,950 mg/100 g, Mg 1,252 mg/100 g, Ca 807 mg/100 g, K 457 mg/100 g, and trace mineral content was Fe 26 mg/100 g, Mn 8 mg/100 g, Zn 0.4 mg/100 g. Palmitic acid 36.86% and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid 20.14% were the most contained fatty acids in Cheonggak. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids was 85.49% while ${\omega}-6$ fatty acids to ${\omega}-3$ fatty acids were 59.10%. Based on the proximate composition, dietary fiber, mineral content, and fatty acid composition, Cheonggak was judged to be a major source of dietary fiber and Mg and Ca, and it was deemed to be helpful in promoting health, including the prevention of hyperlipidemia. Cheonggak contained valuable nutrients similar to seaweed, which is produced and consumed the most in Korea. Thus, it is necessary to include Cheonggak in the food items.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, a green alga of the Codiales family, has been reported to have several bioactive properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antiobesity and whitening effects and their underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antiobesity and melanogenesis inhibitory effects of C. fragile using methanol extracts of C. fragile (MECF). The results of this study revealed that MECF inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and triacylglycerol in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was associated with the inhibition of the expression of adipogenesis-related transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα), and C/EBPβ, which function as the key regulators of adipogenesis. Also, MECF reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16F10 cells as well as the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-related transcription factor in the presence of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Taken together, our findings suggest that the extract of C. fragile could be considered a promising functional ingredient for the prevention and treatment of obesity and skin pigmentation in the food and cosmetic industry.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.45-52
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• 2023

Objectives : Fine dust caused by environmental pollution cause oxidative damage and skin aging. In this study, The possibility of using the Codium fragile extract (CFE) as an anti-aging product for skin improvement was evaluated by confirming the protective effect of skin cells from PM10 (particulate matter 10) through inhibition of ROS and MMPs. Methods : In this study, elastase and collagenase inhibitory activities were evaluated. Cell viability was evaluated by treating keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) with CFE at various concentrations. The cytoprotective effect from PM10 in keratinocyteswas evaluated using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol]-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. ROS (reactive oxygen species) was measured in keratinocytes damaged by PM10 using DCF-DA (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) fluorescence staining. As an anti-aging effect of CFE, MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) inhibitory activities were evaluated. Results : As a result, CFE decreased the activity of elastase and collagenase. As a result of evaluating the toxicity of CFE, it is non-toxic at a concentration of 10 to 80 ㎍/㎖. Although cell viability of HaCaT cells treated with PM10 decreased, cell viability increased by 38% when treated with CFE 80 ㎍/㎖. Also, ROS decreased by 8.4%, and MMP-1 and MMP-9 decreased at CFE 80 ㎍/㎖. Conclusions : CFE showed excellent cell protection effect, and it is considered that it can be used in anti-aging products for skin improvement by effectively inhibiting ROS and MMPs from keratinocyte damage caused by fine dust.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.953-959
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• 2010

We extracted bioactive materials from Codium fragile by enzymatic hydrolysis using four different proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, and Protamex) and seven different carbohydrases (amyloglucosidase (AMG), Celluclast, Dextrozyme, Maltogenase, Promozyme, Termamyl, and Viscozyme), and evaluated their biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and anti-inflammatory effects. All enzymatic hydrolysates showed good DPPH radical scavenging capacities, in particular, Flavourzyme and Promozyme hydrolysates possessed the highest activity. The two hydrolysates also exhibited strong hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, $Fe^{2+}$ chelating activity, and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the two hydrolysates effectively protected DNA damage induced by hydroxyl radical by measuring the conversion of supercoiled DNA to the open circular DNA. All enzymatic hydrolysates also showed high anti-AChE inhibitory activities in a dose-dependent manner, and did not showed any significant cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05). In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysates significantly (p<0.05) inhibited lipopolysaccharide induced-nitric oxide production on RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that the enzymatic extracts from Codium fragile would be good source as an ingredient of functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.890-895
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• 2021

This study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of bread containing Codium fragile powder (CFP; 1, 3, 5%). As the CFP content increased, the fermentation expansion (%) of the dough significantly decreased (P<0.05). No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the moisture content (%) of bread as the CFP content increased, but the pH and weight significantly increased (P<0.05). The bread volume, specific volume, and baking loss significantly decreased (P<0.05) as the CFP content increased. The L, a and b Hunter colors on the bread crust showed a tendency to decrease (P<0.05) as the CFP content increased. Compared with the control, the bread crumb darkened and presented a green color as the CFP content increased. Compared with the control (DPPH, 4.10%, ABTS, 2.17%), the free radical scavenging activities of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] as antioxidant indices gradually increased (P>0.05) with the CFP content increased (DPPH, 9.77-18.63%, ABTS, 4.30-11.40%). Collectively, these results can make a compelling case for the functional development of CPP-containing bread due to its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, this study intends to contribute to the development of various processed seaweed foods by expanding the availability of CFP, which is easy to use and store for a long time.