• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
• /
• 제3권
• /
• pp.61-79
• /
• 1992

In oder to predict the dispersion of a thermal discharge with strong turbulent and buoyant effects, the development of a numerical model using turbulence model and its application are significantly increased. In this study, a three-dimensional steady-state model for the surface discharge heated water into quiescent water body is developed. For the model closure of turbulent terms the four-equation turbulence model is used. For economic mumerical simulation, the elliptic governing equations are transformed to the partially parabolic equations. In general, the simulated results by the present model agree well with the experimental results by Pande and Rajratnam (1977). The model characteristics are presented in comparison with the predicted results from the two-eqauation turbulence model by McGuirk and Rodi (1979).

• Water Engineering Research
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.247-258
• /
• 2002

This paper presents a non-isotropic turbulence modeling of flows over bedforms. The Reynolds stress model is used for the turbulence closure. In the model, Launder, Reece, and Rodi's model and Hanjalic and Launder's model are employed f3r the pressure strain correlation term and the diffusion term, respectively. The mean flow and turbulence structures are simulated and compared with profiles measured in the experiments. The numerical solutions from two-equation turbulence models are also provided for comparisons. The Reynolds stress model yields the separation length of eddy similar to the other numerical results. Using the developed model, the resistance coefficients are also estimated for the flows at different Froude numbers. Karim's (1999) relationship is used to determine the bedform geometry. It is found that the values of the form drag and the skin friction are very similar to those obtained by the other turbulence models. meaning higher values of the form drag and lower values of the skin friction compared with the empirical formulas.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 1997

The performance of several turbulence models in computing an axisymmetric supersonic base flow is investigated. A compressible Navier-Stokes code, which incorporates k-ε, k-ω model and Reynolds stress closure with three kinds of pressure-strain correlation model, has been developed using implicit LU-SGS algorithm with second-order upwind TVD scheme. Numerical computations have been carried out for Herrin and Dutton's base flow. It is observed that the two-equation models give large backward axial velocity approaching to the base and somewhat larger variation of base pressure distribution than the Reynolds stress model. It is also found that the Reynolds stress model with third order pressure-strain model in the anisotropy tensor predicts most accurate mean flow field.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제29권11호
• /
• pp.1265-1276
• /
• 2005

The elliptic conceptual second moment models for turbulent heat fluxes, which are proposed on the basis of elliptic-blending and elliptic-relaxation equations, are applied to calculate the combined forced and natural turbulent convection in a vertical plane channel. The models satisfy the near-wall balance between viscous diffusion, viscous dissipation and temperature-pressure gradient correlation, and also have the characteristics of approaching its respective conventional high Reynolds number model far away from the wall. Also the models are closely linked to the elliptic blending model which is used for the prediction of Reynolds stress. In order to calibrate the heat flux models, firstly, the distributions of mean temperature and scala flux in fully developed channel flow with constant wall difference temperature are solved by the present models. The buoyancy effect on the turbulent characteristics including the mean velocity and temperature, the Reynolds stress tensor, and the turbulent heat flux vector are examined. In the opposing flow, the turbulent transport is greatly enhanced with both the Reynolds stresses and the turbulent heat fluxes being remarkably increased; whereas, in the aiding flow, the opposite change is observed. The results of prediction are directly compared to the DNS to assess the performance of the model predictions and show that the behaviors of the turbulent heat transfer in the whole flow region are well captured by the present models.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.103-113
• /
• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 단순변동하중하(單純變動荷重下)에서의 피로균열성장거동(疲勞龜裂成長擧動)을 고찰하고 해석방법(解析方法)을 구하고자, 용접구조용강(鎔接構造用鋼) SWS 58을 사용하여 CT 시험편을 제작하고 간단한 하중모델을 설정(設定)하여 피로실험(疲勞實驗)을 행했다. 그 결과 단일과하중작용직후(單一過荷重作用直後)에는 가속효과(加速效果)가 경미(輕微)하게 발생하였으며 그후 상당한 지연효과(遲延效果)가 발생했다. 2단중복하중하(段重復荷重下)에서는 low-high인 경우 약간의 가속효과(加速效果)가 발생하나 high-low인 경우는 상당한 지연효과(遲延效果)가 발생했다. 이러한 하중변화(荷重變化)에 따른 균열성장율(龜裂成長率)(da/dN)은 균열선단(龜裂先端)의 잔류응력(殘留應力)과 소성영역(塑性領域)으로 인한 상호영향(相互影響)때문이며, 이러한 미시적(微視的) 균열성장거동(龜裂成長擧動)은 Elber의 crack closure model로 잘 설명(說明)될 수 있으나 피로균열성장해석방법(疲勞龜裂成長解析方法)으로는 불충분(不充分)하다. 반면 변동하중하(變動荷重下)에서의 피로균열성장해석방법(疲勞龜裂成長解析方法) 중(中) Wheeler의 retardation model은 간편하면서도 적합한 이론임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2009

The objective of this study is to develop numerical simulation model for analysing the wind speed reduction effect by coastal forest belts. The horizontally homogeneous turbulent flow equations, which are derived from the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method, both above the tree canopy and within the canopy were first formulated, and a first-order closure scheme with the capability of accounting the bulk momentum transport term within the canopy was employed. The averaged equations were solved numerically by finite difference method, FTCS (forward time centered space) scheme. The proposed model was also used to numerically investigate the effects of structural characteristic of forest belt on the wind speed. The effects of maximum leaf area density were evaluated, with the leaf area density of $1.0m^2/m^3$, $2.0m^2/m^3$, $3.0m^2/m^3$, and $4.0m^2/m^3$. Vertical distributions of leaf area, both uniform and varied distribution with a height, were also considered. A comparison of wind profile indicated that there was in good agreements between simulated and measured wind speed. Also, the results showed horizontal wind speed decreased under a height of the tree with increasing maximum leaf area density. In conclusion, in applications where computational efficiency and simplicity are desirable, the proposed numerical model has of great capability to determine the vertical turbulent momentum transport and wind profile in the costal forest belt.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집E
• /
• pp.783-788
• /
• 2001

Choosing the most suitable mathematical model and relating this to turbulent tangential tensions model are very important in the investigations of turbulent two-phase flow. This paper considers two-fluid scheme. According to it, two phases have their own densities, velocities, and temperatures at any spatial point and at any moment. The equations of motion and heat transfer for each phase are linked with the forces of interaction between two phases. These forces are considered as predominant for the flow. As a closure in the system of motion equations, one modification of $K - {\epsilon}$ turbulent model is worked out. The modification uses two equations for turbulent kinetic energy of the phases and one - for the turbulent energy loss of main phase. This model can be set as a $K_g - K_p -{\epsilon}$ model. The modified model has been tested for both a two-phase non-isothermal flat jet and axially symmetrical jet. The numerical results are compared with the reference data revealing a good agreement between them.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제31권9호
• /
• pp.741-753
• /
• 2007

The elliptic conceptual second moment model for turbulent heat fluxes, which was proposed on the basis of elliptic-relaxation equation, was applied to calculate the turbulent heat transfer in an axially rotating pipe flow. The model was closely linked to the elliptic blending model which was used for the prediction of Reynolds stress. The effects of rotation on the turbulent characteristics including the mean velocity, the Reynolds stress tensor, the mean temperature and the turbulent heat flux vector were examined by the model. The numerical results by the present model were directly compared to the DNS as well as the experimental results to assess the performance of the model predictions and showed that the behaviors of the turbulent heat transfer in the axially rotating pipe flow were satisfactorily captured by the present models.

• 한국연소학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.49-61
• /
• 2002

Numerical simulation is performed for stagnating turbulent flows of impinging and countercurrent jets by the Reynolds stress model(RSM). Results are compared with those of the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model and available data to assess the flow characteristics and turbulence modes. Three variants of the RSM tested are those of Gibson and Launder(GL), Craft and Launder(GL-CL) and Speziale, Sarkar and Gatski(SSG). As well known, the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model overestimates turbulent kinetic energy near the wall significantly. Although the RSM is superior to the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model, it shows considerable difference according to how the redistributive pressure-strain term is modeled. Results of the RSM for countercurrent jets are improved with the modified coefficients for the dissipation rate, $C_{{\varepsilon}1}\;and\;C_{{\varepsilon}2}$ suggested by Champion and Libby. The performance of the three variants of the RSM model for stagnating flows are assessed.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.69-84
• /
• 2020

자연 해빈은 해양환경에 따라 침·퇴적을 반복하며 고 파랑에 의해 해빈이 대규모로 침식되더라도 폭풍이 잦아들고 다시 너울이 우세한 해양환경이 회복되는 경우 점진적으로 복원되며, 이러한 해빈 복원은 경계층 streaming을 통해 이루어진다. 이처럼 경계층 streaming은 그 공학적 가치에도 불구하고 해안에서 가용한 표사의 대부분이 공급되는 쇄파 역에서의 경계층 streaming에 대한 우리의 이해는 아직 상당히 부족하다. 이러한 인식에 기초하여 본 연구에서는 쇄파역 경계층 streaming 수리특성을 살펴보기 위해 단조 해안과 사주를 포함한 해안에서의 천수 과정을 수치모의하였다. 수치 모의는 Spatially filtered Navier-Stokes Eq., LES(Large Eddy Simulation), Dynamic Smagorinsky 난류모형으로 구성된 정교한 수치모형에 기초하여 수행되었으며, 이 과정에서 k-ε 난류모형과 LES Turbulence Closure가 모의결과에 미치는 영향도 함께 살펴보았다. 모의결과 해안공학계에 잘 알려진 k-ε 난류모형의 한계로 인해 wall function에 기반한 k-ε 난류모형의 경우 LES와 비교하면 저면 인근 유속이 다소 과다하게 모의 되었다. 또한, 바닥과 가까운 해역에서의 유속이 바닥의 영향으로부터 비교적 자유로운 상층부에서의 유속보다 우월한 Longuet-Higgins(1957)가 이야기하는 전형적인 경계층 streaming이 천수 초입부에서부터 쇄파 역 깊숙이까지 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 주기가 상대적으로 긴 경우 경계층 streaming의 세기와 생성범위는 해안 방향으로 확대되며 이러한 경향은 경계층 streaming이 바닥 인근에서 진행되는 마찰로 인한 파랑에너지손실로 결과되며 주기가 긴 경우 천수 과정이 일찍 시작된다는 사실을 상기하면 충분히 수용 가능해 보이며, Longuet-Higgins(1957)의 해석 해에서도 같은 경향을 확인할 수 있다.