• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.669-682
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• 1997

[$Bj\ddot{o}rk$] and Skieller concluded after following facial growth patterns using implants in upper and lower jaw bones that stable structures, which are not influenced by the growth do exist and so these must be the reference landmarks in the process of superimposition. In spite of such facts, for the last 40 years since the discovery of stable structures, most orthodontists have preferred best fit superimposition method to structural method. Cases such as Angle's Class II division 2 malocclusion that show characteristic forward and upward growth or one under long period of post-treatment observation demonstrate that distinct differences exist between the two methods of superimposition. Today, ethical concerns prohibit further growth studies that use implants, md so there is no choice but to use stable structural superimposition method based on $Bj\ddot{o}rk's$ data. Thus, to encourage clinical use of stable structural superimposition method, logic for the use of stable structural superimposition method will be demonstrated, and its technical methods of application will be introduced step by step.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 1998

Cholesterol supersaturation in bile, which causes gallstone formation, is the result of low bile acid secretion or high cholesterol secretion. The quantitative analysis of cholesterol, bile acids and sterols which are precursors of cholesterol have been used to examine the changes in bile component. We described a simple, sensitive and reproducible method for simultaneous determination of cholesterol, five bile acids and seven sterols in human bile juices and gallstones by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Clinical samples were hydrolyzed by alcoholic KOH, extracted twice (pH 14 and 1) and derivatized to trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether with $MSTFA/NH_4I$ (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide/ammonium iodide) mixture in order to be detected on the GC/MS. The good quality control data were obtained through within-a-day and day-to-day test (RSD values were 1.72-13.79, 0.68-14.10, respectively) and the recovery range of them was 73.56-96. 95 Using this method, biliary and gallstone compositions in the patients with intrahepatic stones were analyzed. The amounts and its relative distribution of cholesterol, bile acids and sterols showed different pattern in bile juices and gallstones.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.359-365
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• 2005

Objectives : An abrupt economic decline may widen the socioeconomic differences in health between the advantaged and disadvantaged in a society. The aim of this study was to examine whether the South Korean economic crisis of 1997-98 affected the socioeconomic inequality from all-causes and from cause-specific mortality between 1995 and 2001. Methods : Population denominators were obtained from the registration population data, with the number of death (numerators) calculated from raw death certificate data. The indicator used to assess the geographic socioeconomic position was the per capita regional tax revenue. Administrative districts (Si-Gun-Gu) were ranked according to this socioeconomic measure, and divided into equal population size quintiles on the basis of this ranking. The sex- and 5-year age-specific numbers of the population and deaths were used to compute the sex- and age-adjusted mortality rates (via direct standardization method), standardized mortality ratios (via indirect standardization methods) and relative indices of inequality (RII) (via Poisson regression). Results : Geographic inequalities from all-causes of mortality, as measured by RII, did not increase as a result of the economic crisis (from 1998-2001). This was true for both sexes and all age groups. However, the cause-specific analyses showed that socioeconomic inequalities in mortalities from external causes were affected by South Korean economic crisis. For males, the RIIs for mortalities from transport accidents and intentional self-harm increased between 1995 and 2001. For females, the RII for mortality from intentional self-harm increased during the same period. Conclusions : The South Korean economic crisis widened the geographic inequality in mortalities from major external causes. This increased inequality requires social discourse and counter policies with respect to the rising health inequalities in the South Korean society.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2015

Purpose : This study aimed to critically analyze published research papers in Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration and to investigate the research field and trends. Methods : Types of studies, research trends, levels of evidence, participants, funding sources and research areas were analyzed and described by using 97 selected studies published between 2003 and 2014. Results : Every 5 years, the most frequent type of study was experimental research. The numbers of experimental studies and review studies have been increasing. The most frequent level of evidence was one group non-randomized study, followed by case reports. The highest percentage of participants were children with disability and the most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorder, developmental delay and intellectual disabilities. Most of the participants was elementary school students and the most frequent sample size was below 10. The percentage of research grant from Korean Academy of Sensory Integration has been over 50% since 2008. The research areas focusing on the standardized assessments were mostly sensory modulation, interaction and development and the non-standardized assessments were behavior observation and clinical observation. Conclusion : Higher level of studies and comprehensive research methods will be needed. The standardized assessment tools with the high sensibility on sensory integration which developed in the domestic need to be developed. Thus, it will be able to contribute to the evidence based practice in occupational therapy.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.144-154
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• 2003

Recently, in the academic disciplines critical thinking has been emphasized as the new evolution in education. Problem-based learning is suggested as the evolutionary learning method in developing critical thinking. In the nursing education, PBL is offered as an appropriate teaching method to prepare nurse student for professional. PBL is a student-centered learning strategy aimed at developing critical thinking, motivating self-directed study and attaining autonomy. The purpose of this study was to develop the communication curriculum of nursing education based on PBL and implementing of it. PBL module was developed focused on five communication situations. And learning strategies to facilitate the learning process and the guided questions to stimulate student inquiry were also developed. This PBL education was conducted for six students in the master's course during the 14 weeks from March, 2000 to June, 2000. The outcomes of the PBL education were examined based on the content analysis of the students reflective journal. As a result, it was found that students experienced the effect of it focused on self-oriented, group-oriented, and practice-oriented domain. In the self-oriented domain, the findings indicate that there were 5 kinds of concepts including 'motivation for self-directed study', 'transition toward certainty in knowledge acquisition', 'attempt to apply their prior knowledge into new situation', 'enhancement of self-image in real situation', 'self-growth with self reflection'. In the group-oriented domain, there were 3 kinds of concepts including 'cognitive work in group', 'perception of co-responsibility in attaining learning objectives', 'socialization with group members'. In the practice-oriented domain, there were 3 kinds of concepts including 'linkage theoretical knowledge with real situation', 'attempt to apply in real situation', 'development problem solving skill in real situation'. In conclusion, PBL had a significant effect on self, group, and clinical domain. And assessing PBL outcomes is challenging because standardized instrument do not develop yet. So the findings of this study can suggest the basic data for examining the PBL outcome.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2017

According to the advance of antiretroviral regimen and the early treatment strategy, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are achieving the goal of virologic suppression and immune restoration. Most of them no more die of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illnesses, and become older with chronic comorbidities such as cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, renal and neurological diseases. However some PLWH still visit hospitals as late presenters with very low CD4+ T cell counts, so that they suffer AIDS defining illnesses to die or experience severe neurological complications resulting in disabilities. Early palliative interventions are needed on the various symptoms of PLWH. Thus far chronic pains such as distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathies have been underevaluated. Active pain-relieving interventions are important to them. Recently we define end of life condition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or eligibility to hospice care after adjusting current status of HIV treatment. Hospice teams should pay attention to the specific medical conditions, psychological needs, and social circumstances of PLWH. With just standard precautions as common infection control measures, general hospice cares can be provided to them like to other hospices subjects. For giving PLWH opportunities to have the end of life with value and dignity, hospice multidisciplinary team should intervene them early and aggressively. Now we need more clinical experiences and institutional improvements.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2014

This study was investigated to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from raw milk samples and to further study on the molecular characteristics of the MRSA isolates. Using Staphylococcus Medium 110, Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from raw milk samples and further identification was carried by Vitek2 system. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics were conducted by serial dilution method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. For the detection of resistance genes and molecular characterization, PCR reaction was performed by gene specific primers and followed by DNA sequencing. Of the 698 milk samples, 94 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were identified (94 S. aureus/286 Staphylococcus spp.). Of the 94 S. aureus, seven isolates have mecA, a methicillin resistant gene. mecA positive seven isolates were then characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (pvl) gene using PCR. All of mecA positive isolates were resistant to ampicillin and oxacillin, but sensitive to teicoplanin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. One of seven isolates was SCCmec type II and six isolates were type IV and all seven isolates were pvl gene negative.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.814-818
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• 1994

Control system for both rapid fermentation and storage of yogurt in refrigerator was developed and its performance was investigated. Fermentation temperature for normal and Bifidus containing yogurt was maintained at maximum $40^{\circ}C$ for about 7 and 11 hours, respectively. The pH, acidity, total viable cell number of lactic acid bacteria and viscosity of both yogurts after completing the fermentation were $4.23{\sim}4.29$, $0.93{\sim}0.97%$, $4.8{\times}10^7{\sim}$2.54{\times}10^8\;cfu/ml$ and $1,700{\sim}1,810\;cp$, respectively. The rate of fermentation for normal yogurt was faster than that of Bifidus yogurt. The changes of pH, acidity, viable cell number and viscosity during storage time were $4.09{\sim}4.54$, $0.76{\sim}1.1%$, $9.4{\times}10^6{\sim}5.68{\times}10^8\;cfu/ml$ and $1,450{\sim}2,000\;cp$, respectively. Yeast and fungi were not nearly detected during storage time for both yogurts.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.276-288
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• 2014

The six polysaccharide fractions were prepared by chromatographic procedure from the hot water extracts of the aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus. These six polysaccharides from aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge were tested for gut-mucosal immune activity and acute toxicity. In a view of molecular weight, the six fractions were estimated to be 75000, 88000, 129000 and 345000 Da, respectively. Component sugar analysis indicated that these fractions were mainly consisted of galactose (46.3 ~ 11.8%) and arabinose (35.4 ~ 9.9%) in addition to glucose, rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. Among the six major purified polysaccharides, AMA-1-b-PS2 showed highest bone merrow cell proliferation and lymphocyte of Peyer's patch stimulating activity. It may be concluded that intestinal immune system modulating activity of aboveground parts from Astragalus membranaceus Bunge is caused by polysaccharides having a polygalacturonan moiety with neutral sugars such as arabinose and galactose. In single oral dose toxicity study, no differences were observed between control and treated groups in clinical signs. The results indicated that lethal dose 50 ($LD_{50}$) of water extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground parts was found to be higher than 5000 mg/kg/day in this experiment. From the above results, we may suggest that Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground parts might have useful as a safe material for functional food and pharmaceutics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.68-89
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• 1993

This study was conducted to develop a model of a fee schedule for nursing services.'Regardless of the demand for skilled and professional nursing service today, the Korean health insurance system does not furnish a chapter for the nursing service fee schedule. A nation-wide survey of hospital nursing service fee schedules was to provide practical and realistic data about how the variety of nursing services are being charged. From September 1990 to April 1991, data from the fee schedule used by twenty hospitals located in eight large cities which are designated large medical regions in the Korea Health Care and Patient Referral System were collected. Nursing services and the fees charged for them were analyzed. The nursing services were subjected to a secondary analysis with referrence to reports on “nursing services to be charged in Korea”. The total number of nursing services recommended by the literatures was 177 : finally 141 types of nursing services were selected by investigator as chargable nursing services. In addition, data on managerial characteristics of the hospitals were collected to discover influential variables for a nursing fee schedule model. Under the assumption that all the managerial characteristics of the hospitals influenced the fee schedule, the following model was tested : Fee of nursing services (C) = f(A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A/sub 5/, A/sub 6/, A/sub 7/, A/sub 8/,) When, A₁ = number of nurses A₂ = the first salary of a nurse educated in a four year A₃ = scale of nursing management division A₄ = location of the hospital A/sub 5/ = the type of hospital management (profit / non-profit) A/sub 6/ = number of hospital beds A/sub 7/ = years of hospital operation A/sub 8/ = number and kinds of clinical divisions The results showed that the model should be built as follows : C = f (A₁, A/sub 4/, A/sub 5/) Each nursing service was applied to the fee schedule with consideration for the professional level and time-taken to provide the services. Detailed fee schedules were presented in the related tables. Of the 141 kinds of nursing services, 24.8% were chargeble to the Korea Health Insurance, 32.6％ of the nursing services were being paid directly by the patienty. The rest of nursing services (42.6％) were not being charged to any source. It was recommened that the Korea Health Insurance Reimbursement system should add a classification system for nursing services that can be used in the national health care program. Further study is needed about how to include 32.6% of the nursing services now being paid for directly by the patients in the health insurance system.