• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2016

Purpose: Glyphosate is a widely used non-selective herbicide. Previous studies have shown that glyphosate has genotoxicity, and that even low-doses of glyphosate can cause DNA damage. Melatonin is a hormone produced and secreted by the pineal gland that is known to be a potent anti-carcinogen, anti-oxidant, and genetic protector. This study was conducted to investigate the genoprotective effect of melatonin against glyphosate in human blood lymphocytes. Methods: Human peripheral blood was obtained from 15 young, healthy volunteers and cultured under four different toxicologic conditions. The four groups consisted of a control group, glyphosate only group (300 ng/mL), glyphosate with low level of melatonin group ($50{\mu}M$), and glyphosate with high level of melatonin group ($200{\mu}M$). The mean Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) frequency of each group was then analyzed. Results: Glyphosate exposed groups had a higher mean SCE frequency ($10.33{\pm}2.50$) than the control group ($6.78{\pm}2.31$, p<0.001). Interestingly, the group that received a low-level of melatonin had a lower mean SCE frequency ($8.67{\pm}2.58$) than the glyphosate-only group, while the group that received a high level of melatonin had a much lower mean SCE frequency ($8.06{\pm}2.50$) than the glyphosate-only group. There was statistical significance. Conclusion: Melatonin exerted a potent gene protective effect against the genotoxicity of glyphosate on human blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent fashion.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.78-82
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• 2016

Purpose: Green tea is known as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogen, and genetic protector. Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a widely used non-selective herbicide that causes DNA damage. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of green tea in human blood lymphocytes exposed to glyphosate using the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) frequency method. Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from 10 volunteers and cultured through four different conditions. Four groups were divided into control, glyphosate only (300 ng/mL), glyphosate and low ($20{\mu}m$) concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and glyphosate and high ($100{\mu}m$) concentrations of EGCG. Results: The glyphosate exposed groups had a higher mean SCE frequency ($10.33{\pm}2.50$) than the control group ($6.38{\pm}2.28$, p<0.001). The low concentrations of EGCG groups had a lower mean SCE frequency ($9.91{\pm}1.93$) than the glyphosate-only group, although this difference was not significant (p=0.219). However, the high concentration group ($9.49{\pm}1.85$) had a significantly lower SCE frequency than the glyphosate-only group (p=0.001). Conclusion: EGCG has a gene protective effect in human lymphocytes exposed to the genotoxicity of glyphosate in the case of high concentrations.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2001

There have been many trials to decrease the scar formation followed by wound treatment. $TGF-{\beta}$ plays a important role on wound healing in adult. Therefore the repression of $TGF-{\beta}$ expression will be helpful to decrease scar formation. Decorin is known to competitively inhibit $TGF-{\beta}$ expression. Decorin were subcutaneously administered in surgical wounds in rabbits to investigate the preventing effect of scar formation for clinical application. Histologic findings of wound healing progresses is similar with control and experimental group at 2week. $2.5{\mu}g$ decorin of administrated group was similar to those of control group at 4 and 8week. In wound healing process $10{\mu}g$ decorin of administrated groupsat showed that thickness of immature collagen fibers(scar) was decreased as compared with control group at 4, 8 weeks. $20{\mu}g$ decorin of administrated group showed similar histologic features to $10{\mu}g$ administrated group. The wounds of 8week experimental group(10, $20{\mu}g$) were completely recovered to the normal surrounding skin tissue including sweat gland and hair follicle. These results suggested that decorin can be of help to the prevention of local scar formation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.499-503
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• 2015

Objective : The transradial catheterization (TRC) is becoming widespread, primarily for neurointerventions. Therefore, the evaluation of radial artery puncture in clinical practice and a better understanding of the anatomy are important to improve the safety of neuroendovascular surgery. Methods : Ten formalin-fixed adult Korean cadavers were dissected to expose radial artery (RA), brachial artery (BrA) and subclvian artery (ScA), bilaterally. Vessel lengths and diameters were meaured using a caliper and distance between the specific point of vessels and the anatomical landmarks including the radial styloid process, the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the sternoclavicular joint, and the vertebral artery orifice were also measured. Results : The average length between the radial (RAPS) and the BrA puncture sites (BrAPS) and between the vertebral artery orifice (VAO) and the BrA bifurcation (BrAB) did not differ between sides (p>0.05). The average length between the radial styloid process (RSP) and the RAPS was $13.41{\pm}2.19mm$, and the RSP was $26.85{\pm}2.47mm$ from the median nerve (MN). The mean length between the medial epicondyle (ME) and the BrAPS as $44.23{\pm}5.47mm$, whereas the distance between the ME and the MN was $42.23{\pm}4.77mm$. The average VAO-ScA angle was $70.94{\pm}6.12^{\circ}$, and the length between the ScA junction (SCJ) and the VAO was $60.30{\pm}8.48mm$. Conclusion : This study provides basic anatomical information about the radial artery and the brachial route and can help improving new techniques, selection of size and shape of catheters for TRC. This can help neurointerventionists who adopt a transradial neuroendovascular approach and offers comprehensive and safe care to their patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3331-3335
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• 2013

Background: The incidence of prostate cancer, one of the most common cancers in elderly men, is increasing annually in Thailand. Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP-11) is a member of the extracellular matrix metalloproteases which has been associated with human tumor progression and clinical outcome. Aim: To quantify MMP-11 expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma tissues and to determine whether its overexpression correlates with survival outcome, and to assess its potential as a new prognostic marker. Materials and Methods: Expression of MMP-11 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 103 Thai patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression models. Results: Immunoreactivity of MMP-11 was seen in the stroma of prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue samples, high expression being significantly correlated with poor differentiation in Gleason grading, pathologic tumor stage 4 (pT4), and positive-bone metastasis (p<0.05), but not age and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) level. Patients with high levels of MMP-11 expression demonstrated significantly shorter survival (p<0.001) when compared to those with low levels. Multivariate analysis showed that MMP-11 expression and pT stage were related with survival in prostatic adenocarcinoma [hazard ratio (HR)=0.448, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=0.212-0.946, HR=0.333, 95%CI=0.15-0.74, respectively]. Conclusions: Expression of MMP-11 is significantly associated with survival in prostatic adenocarcinoma. High levels may potentially be used for prediction of a poor prognosis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.585-595
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• 2018

Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, is commonly used to treat depression and neuropathic pain, but its mechanism is still unclear. We tested the effect of amitriptyline on 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 ($5-HT_3$) receptor currents and studied its blocking mechanism because the clinical applications of amitriptyline overlapped with $5-HT_3$ receptor therapeutic potentials. Using a whole-cell voltage clamp method, we recorded the currents of the $5-HT_3$ receptor when 5-HT was applied alone or co-applied with amitriptyline in cultured NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells known to express $5-HT_3$ receptors. To elucidate the mechanism of amitriptyline, we simulated the $5-HT_3$ receptor currents using Berkeley $Madonna^{(R)}$ software and calculated the rate constants of the agonist binding and receptor transition steps. The $5-HT_3$ receptor currents were inhibited by amitriptyline in a concentration-dependent, voltage-independent manner, and a competitive mode. Amitriptyline accelerated the desensitization of the $5-HT_3$ receptor. When amitriptyline was applied before 5-HT treatment, the currents rose slowly until the end of 5-HT treatment. When amitriptyline was co-applied with 5-HT, currents rose and decayed rapidly. Peak current amplitudes were decreased in both applications. All macroscopic currents recorded in whole cell voltage clamping experiments were reproduced by simulation and the changes of rate constants by amitriptyline were correlated with macroscopic current recording data. These results suggest that amitriptyline blocks the $5-HT_3$ receptor by close and open state blocking mechanisms, in a competitive manner. We could expand an understanding of pharmacological mechanisms of amitriptyline related to the modulation of a $5-HT_3$ receptor, a potential target of neurologic and psychiatric diseases through this study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.187-193
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• 2004

Constipation is a common clinical problem that comprises of symptoms that include excessive straining, hard feces, feeling of incomplete evacuation and infrequent defecation. Although many conditions, such as metabolic problems, fiber deficiency, anorectal problem, an drug, can cause constipation. This study was examined the effects of Chilsun-Whan on intestinal mucosa and gastrointestinal transit time and plasma lipids in rats. Adult male rats were fed for weeks on diets containing no addition(basal diet group), 5% cellulose(cellulose group) and 2.5% . Chilsun-Whan group(Chilsun-Whan group). The results were as follows; 1. The fecal weght was significantly increased 2 times in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet group. 2. The gastrointestinal transit times was significantly decreased in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet. 3. Carmine red mixed with Chilsun-Whan, as a marker, was administered through a gastric tube for stomach or intracecally by a chronically implanted catheter for colon transit. Small intestinal transit and large intestinal transit time were significantly decreased in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet. 4. The height of jejunal villi was developed in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet The thickness of mucosa and muscle layer of colonic mucosa were significantly developed in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet group. 5. The change of goblet cell in colonic mucosa was increased acid mucin stained alcian blue in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet and cellulose group. 6. HDL-cholesterol of plasma lipid was increased in Chilsun-Whan administrated group compare to basal diet and cellulose groups. Theses results suggests that Chilsun-Whan may be used in prevention and treatment of constipation resulting in increase of fecal weight, decrease of gastrointestinal transit time. development of intestinal villi, intensify of stainability of acid mucin in colon.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2011

Backgroud: The objective was to evaluate the distance from the skin and the diameter of the piriformis muscle and their relationship to the body mass index (BMI). Methods: The study was a prospective study involving 60 patients. Patients were prepared on a radiological table in the prone position. Several images were obtained of each. In this view, the distance between the subcutaneous tissue and the piriformis muscle, and the diameter of the piriformis, were measured at three points (medially to laterally). Results: The distance to the piriformis from the skin was $6.6{\pm}0.9\;cm$, $6.3{\pm}0.8\;cm$, and $5.2{\pm}0.9\;cm$ in terms of the lateral, center, and medial measurement, respectively. The center of the piriformis had a greater diameter with $1.7{\pm}0.4\;cm$ (0.9-2.5) cm. The distance to the piriformis increased with BMI. Conclusions: This study shows that the lateral of the piriformis muscle has a relatively greater distance from the skin. The center of the piriformis showed a greater diameter than other two portions. We found that the distance of the piriformis from subcutaneous tissues was correlated with BMI, but the diameter of the piriformis was not affected by BMI. These measurements can be used as a reference for determining the piriformis injection site in patients with piriformis syndrome.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2013

Objective: Letrozole and estradiol valerate are used to treat some hormonally-responsive symptoms and also in modeling of the polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the stereological analysis of the ovary has received less attention. Estimation of the whole ovary volume using the Cavalieri method can be applied in any orientation desired, but estimation of the mean volume of the oocytes requires isotropic uniform random sectioning. Here, a combined method was developed for estimating the parameters. To our knowledge, no comparison has been made of the effects of letrozole and estradiol on the ovary. Methods: Sixty rats were divided into 4 groups receiving estradiol (4 mg/kg), olive oil, letrozole (1 mg/kg), or normal saline. After 21 days, their ovaries were studied. Results: Relative to the control group, the total volume of the ovary and the cortex increased in the letrozole-treated and estradiol-treated rats. In addition, the number of the preantral, antral, and granulosa cells decreased by 43% to 56% in the letrozole- and estradiol-treated rats. On average, a 19% increase was observed in the atretic oocytes of the letrozole-treated and estradiol-treated rats, but the mean oocyte volume decreased by 29% to 44% in letrozole- and estradiol-treated rats. Furthermore, the letrozole-treated rats showed a 5-fold and 7-fold increase in the volume of the cysts and corpus luteum, respectively. A 3-fold increase was found in the volume of both the cysts and corpus luteum in the estradiol group. Conclusion: The structural changes of the ovary were most pronounced in the letrozole-treated animals.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.131-146
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• 2004

In the present study, we exarnined anti-allergic effect of SGBHB in cultured B cells. B cells were prepared from isolated murine splenocytes and activated by co-treatment of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody and recombinant IL-4 allergens. Anti-allergic effects of SGBHB in activated B cells were determined by measuring B cell surface activated molecules (CD23+ and CD11a+), and expression levels of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-$\alpha$, IgE, and HRF. The major findings are summarized as follows. 1. SGBHB treatment did not produce significant cytotoxic effects on mouse lung fibroblast cells. 2. SGBHB produced significant inhibitory effect on the expression of B cell surface activated molecules (CD23+ and CD11a) in activated B cells. 3. SGBHB treatment significantly inhibited expression levels of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNAs in activated B cells.IL-6 protein levels were significantly decreased by $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of SGBHB treatrrient, and TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels were decreased compared to the control group, but statistically insignificant. 4. SGBHB treatment significantly increased IL-10 at both mRNA and protein levels in activated B cells. 5. SGBHB treatment significantly inhibited levels of IgE production. Thus, the present data suggest that SGBHB has an anti-allergic effect on activated B cells by controlling irnmune responses, and further implicates the possibility on clinical application as a therapeutic agent.