• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.88-96
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• 2020

Stauntonia hexaphylla (SH) and Vaccinium bracteatum (VB) are herbal extracts widely used in food and traditional herbal medicine, and have the ability to perform a wide range of biological activities. We aimed to investigate the effects of the SH and VB combination (SHVB) on mice models of chronic restraint stress (CRS) and pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. CRS-exposed mice treated with SHVB showed significantly decreased immobility time, increased swimming and climbing times in the forced swim test (FST), and increased locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT). SHVB decreased serum CORT levels, but enhanced brain monoamine neurotransmitters. SHVB significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased total sleep duration in pentobarbital-induced sleeping behavior in mice. SHVB showed inhibitory effect on 5-HT_2A receptor-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These results suggest that SHVB has antidepressant and hypnotic effects by regulating the 5-HT_2A receptor.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2008

Objective : Recent studies indicate that the deposition of beta-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) is related in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism is still not clear. Method : To investigate the potential cellular functions of APP and LMK02, we use transgenic drosophila as a model was treated with either LMK02, and the effect in APP expression was determined by climbing assay. LMK02 have been shown to be neuroprotective in fly model systems. We asked whether dietary supplementation with LMK02 would influence behavior and AD-like pathology in a transgenic fly model. Result LMK02 water extract have attenuated fly death in vivo. LMK02-treated fly increased percentage of flight ability more longly and survival ratio more than controls. APP-GRIM drosophila treated with LMK02 had significantly less accumulation of APP deposition in the eye and brain as compared to control drosophila. Conclusion : These results suggest that LMK02 prevent APP-induced neurotoxicity through attenuating flies death induced by APP, and may be useful as potential therapeutic agents for AD.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.168-173
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• 1998

A single administration of cocaine (CO), morphine (MOR) and methamphetamine (MA) showed hyperactivity in mice. Ginseng total saponin (GTS), ginsenosides Rbl and Rgl inhibited the hyperactivity induced by the drugs. The repeated administration of CO, MOR and MA showed the development of psychological dependence showing a.: the development of conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice and the development of dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity showing as sensitization of the drugs. GTS and Rgl inhibited the development of not only psychological dependence but also of DA receptor supersensitivity induced by CO and MA Rbl prevented also the development of psychological dependence and DA receptor supersensitivity induced by CO and MA but not by MOR. These results suggest that the development psychological dependence induced by the drugs is closely related with the development of DA receptor supersensitivity since both phenomena were inhibited by them. Apomorphine induced climbing behavior was also inhibited by G75 but not by both of Rbl and Rgl, indicating that GTS modulate dopaminergic action at both of pre and postsynaptic sites, but both of Rbl and Rgl , only at the presynaptic site. These results suggest that active components acting at the postsynaptic site exist in GTS. In this study, it was found that GTS, ginsenosides Rbl and Rgl inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and these components exerted inhibitory effects on both Cal' currents and $\Delta$ Cm in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. These results suggest that G75 and ginsenosides regulate catecholamine synthesis and secretion. Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that Rbl, at high doses has more powerful inhibition of cartecholamine secretion at the presynaptic site than Rbl. Therefore, it was presumed that inhibition of morphine induced psychological dependence by Rgl, but not by Rbl results from differences in the extent of this inhibitory action on dopaminergic synthesis and secretion.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

(S)-Carbamic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-1-phenyl-ethyl ester hydrochloride (YKP1447) is a novel "atypical" antipsychotic drug which selectively binds to serotonin (5-$HT_{2A}$, Ki=0.61 nM, 5-$HT_{2C}$, Ki=20.7 nM) and dopamine ($D_2$, Ki=45.9 nM, $D_3$, Ki=42.1 nM) receptors with over $10\sim100$-fold selectivity over the various receptors which exist in the brain. In the behavioral studies using mice, YKP1447 antagonized the apomorphine-induced cage climbing ($ED_{50}$=0.93 mg/kg) and DOI-induced head twitch ($ED_{50}$=0.18 mg/kg) behavior. In the dextroamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned avoidance response (CAR) paradigm in rats, YKP1447 inhibited the hyperactivity induced by amphetamine ($ED_{50}$=0.54 mg/kg) and the avoidance response ($ED_{50}$=0.48 mg/kg); however, unlike other antipsychotic drugs, catalepsy was observed only at much higher dose ($ED_{50}$=68.6 mg/kg). Based on the CAR and catalepsy results, the therapeutic index (TI) value for YKP1447 is over 100 (i.p.). These results indicate that YKP1447 has an atypical profile and less undesirable side effects than currently available drugs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.425-432
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• 2005

Purpose : Polyglutamine diseases are a group of diseases caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the protein. The present study was performed to verify if polyglutamine disease transgenic Drosophila models show similar dysfunctions as are seen in human patients. Methods : Polyglutamine disease transgenic Drosophila were tested for their climbing ability. And using genetic methods, the effects of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 and chemical chaperones on neurodegeneration were observed. Also, spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) transgenic Drosophila lines were generated for future studies. Results : Expanded forms of spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) transgenic protein causes characteristic locomotor dysfunction when expressed in the nervous system of Drosophila but the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 shows no evidence of ameliorating the deleterious effect of the expanded protein. However, Glycerol, a chemical chaperone, seemed to reduce the toxicity, at least in the eyes of the transgenic flies. The level SCA2 expression is too weak in the transgenic SCA2 Drosophila for evaluation. Conclusion : SCA3 transgenic Drosophila show ataxic behavior as observed in human patients. Chemical chaperones such as glycerol may prove beneficial in this class of genetic disease, which has no current method of cure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.772-784
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• 2012

Marker-assisted gene pyramiding aims to produce individuals with superior economic traits according to the optimal breeding scheme which involves selecting a series of favorite target alleles after cross of base populations and pyramiding them into a single genotype. Inspired by the science of evolutionary computation, we used the metaphor of hill-climbing to model the dynamic behavior of gene pyramiding. In consideration of the traditional cross program of animals along with the features of animal segregating populations, four types of cross programs and two types of selection strategies for gene pyramiding are performed from a practical perspective. Two population cross for pyramiding two genes (denoted II), three population cascading cross for pyramiding three genes(denoted III), four population symmetry (denoted IIII-S) and cascading cross for pyramiding four genes (denoted IIII-C), and various schemes (denoted cross program-A-E) are designed for each cross program given different levels of initial favorite allele frequencies, base population sizes and trait heritabilities. The process of gene pyramiding breeding for various schemes are simulated and compared based on the population hamming distance, average superior genotype frequencies and average phenotypic values. By simulation, the results show that the larger base population size and the higher the initial favorite allele frequency the higher the efficiency of gene pyramiding. Parents cross order is shown to be the most important factor in a cascading cross, but has no significant influence on the symmetric cross. The results also show that genotypic selection strategy is superior to phenotypic selection in accelerating gene pyramiding. Moreover, the method and corresponding software was used to compare different cross schemes and selection strategies.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.97-105
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• 1984

Effect of water extract of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) from Nagano prefecture on (1) forced exercise in mice using rope climbing test, (2) extinction of memory in hanging stressed mice and rectal temperature during the exposure to hanging stress, (3) sex and learning behavior of chronic hanging stressed mice, (4) sex cycle in the adult female mice using chronic hanging stress, and (5) motor coordination and one trial passive avoidance response in $40\%$ alcohol administered mice using rotar-rod and step-through tests, were studied. Drugs tested were given orally. (1) When it was given before the forced exercise, it potentiated the performance of the forced exercise. When it was given just after the forced exercise once a day for 2 weeks, it protected the mice against the reduction of the performance on the forced exercise. (2) When it was given just after the stress once a day for 4 days, it delayed the extinction of passive avoidance response in both step through and stepdown tests, and protected the stressed mice against the decrease in rectal temperature slightly. (3) It protected the stressed mice against the decrease of sex behaviour and the increase in the failure of performance of passive avoidance response, and delayed the extinction of passive avoidanc

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2011

The study aims to provide future implications for planning nature trails called Dullegil in the national park located in the city in Korea as new visiting culture for sustainability of environment and use. The telephone survey used quota sampling with 300 Seoulite ages from 20 to 69 by area, gender, and age, which was conducted to find out the perception on a Dullegil in Bukhansan National Park. The result shows more than 65% of Seoulite go climbing and aiming the mountain top as a general visitor behavior. The intention to use Dullegil was very high at 58%, which forecasts the use of Dullegil as a substitute for a trail to the intensified mountain top. However, the effectiveness of Dullegil to divert intensive use could be limited as the major group of climbers showed relatively low intention to use Dullegil as an alternative. As for the management direction, majority favors balanced management between use and conservation, even if conservation was preferred to use. Most important guiding principle for building Dullegil was conservation of environment, the planning direction should be oriented to conserve the ecological environment of Bukhansan, and to enjoy its value. Facilities for visitor safety was most needed. Most preferable time and length were 1~3 hours and 11~20km, each. This study has a limitation as the site was limited to Bukhansan and potential demand for use was analyzed with the sample of Seoulite only. To come up with the results generally applicable, more detailed future researches by the visitor segmentation, use behavior, and demand are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.69-81
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• 2018

Recently, user participatory workshops have been applied as a way to plan landscape spaces that reflects the needs and demands of the users. It is also required to improve the quality of the FECC (Forest Experience Center for Children), which is growing rapidly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to deduct the design elements (forest play activities and space), the basic needs, and the demands of users in making the FECC a preschooler participatory workshop. For this, materials for preschooler participation were selected, and a step-by-step workshop was conducted to satisfy the demands of the preschooler's development. First, in the pre-workshops phase, design elements standards were deducted through the preschooler participatory results (41 children aged 6 and 7, Kindergarten). Second, in the main workshop phase, the design elements to be introduced on the site (Songsan-mulbit FECC) were deducted through the participating preschooler's selection and those results were analyzed. The materials used at the preschooler participatory process were 'drawing a picture' in the pre-workshop phase, and the design elements and the standard types charts were the forest play activity pictogram chart, and the forest play space general images chart in the main workshop. As for results, frst, there are 38 standard types of forest play activities that have been deducted. It consists of 27 cognitive activities (functional 16, constructive 4, symbolic 4, game on rule 3), 9 games (sensory 5, other 4), and two social play activities (solo, group). There are 21 standard types of forest play spaces. They consist of 8 play facility spaces (5 facility, 3 natural), 2 water spaces, and 11 spaces of 5 types. Second, as a result of applying the results to the site, the forest play activities to be introduced on the site were selected, and the functional play was most selected. Additionally, climbing and water play were most selected as the unit activities. Also, functional, constructive, symbolic, games based on rules were selected, even in the preschooler's development play. In the case of the forest play spaces to be introduced in the site, the preschooler's selection results by sex and age tended to be similar to the preschooler's comprehensive selection results, but the boys preferred function and adventure spaces more than the girls, while the girls preferred rest spaces more than the boys. This result is similar to the previous study results, which directly observed the preschooler's forest play behavior, and analysis that the preschooler recognized the site and selected the design elements introduced on the site. Therefore, the participatory workshop process and the materials process in this study are analyzed and applied to the purpose of the study. It is valuable as a case to be applied in design of the FECC from this point forward.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 1988

The purpose of this thesis is to suggest objective basic data for park management proposal through the quantitative analysis of users' behaviors and satisfaction for the actual conditions of management in the Chiri Mountain National Park. For this users' behaviors and socio-economic characteristics have been cross-analyzed. Specifically, it attempts to investigate users' anticipate and degree of satisfaction applied Expectancy Theory by Likert attitude scale. Users'behaviors patterns of each site have been analyzed by the factor analysis algorithm, and each factor scores of sites have been clustered by the cluster method. And also user' satisfaction for the actual conditions of management have been analyzed by using the multiple regression. The major user groups were students and youth groups accompanied by their friends ranging from 3 to 10. The values of user'post occupancy-evaluation for such as rockwall climbing and praying on the mountain of each site showed higher than those of anticipated, but evaluation values of other activities were lower. The user'behaviors of each site have been analyzed five factors by factor analysis algorithm. By using the control method for the number of factors, T.V. has been obtained as 50.58%. The factor score of factor covering the behavior patterns of student and youth yield high EV. and C.V.. On the analysis of cluster using factor score, factor IV in Hwaomsa temple site and Ssanggyesa temple site, factor II, v in Jungsanri Valley site, factor, I, III in Bangmudong valley site and factor I. IV in Baemsagol vallry site showed very high values, respectively. According to the multiple regression analysis, the major variables related to the satisfaction for the actual conditions of vegetation and landscape managements were reservation of groundcover, recovery of artificial injury, the surroundings of camping and temple site. In the park facilities and operation, the major variables related to the satisfaction were conditions of management such amenity facilities as privy, sign board, junk yard, camping site, and guidance of excursion, campaign and preservation of nature.