• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.1 s.25
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• pp.141-154
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• 1988

This study was designed to investigate the difference between craniofacial characteristics of the normal occlusion and those of Class II Div. 1 malocclusion. The sample was divided into 2 groups, the 50 subjects of Normal occlusion, the 50 subjects of Class II Div. 1 malocclusion in both sexes. Both groups aged from 11 to 14 years. The results of this study were as follows; 1. No significant difference was observed in cranial base shape between both groups, but anterior cranial base size of Class II Div. 1 malocclusion group was larger than that of normal group. 2. No significant difference in antero-posterior position of Maxilla to cranial base was founded between both groups. 3. No difference in Mandibular shapes and Mandibular plane angles to the cranial base was observed between Class II Div. 1 malocclusion and normal occlusion, but Mandibular position in Class II Div. 1 malocclusion was posterior to that of normal group. 4. Antero-posterior relationship of Maxilla and Mandible was significant difference between both groups, but vertical relationship of those was no difference. 5. Maxillary incisor position to cranial base of Class II Div. 1 malocclusion was anteior to normal occlusion, and Maxillary posterior teeth was posterior. Mandibular incisor and mandibular posterior teeth position was no difference. 6. Upper and lower lip position to esthetic line of Class II Div. 1 malocclusion was anterior to normal occlusion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 1986

This study was designed to investigate the variation of mandibular pattern and cranial base and their association in the craniofacial malocclusion. The material was the 165 cephalometric radiographs taken from craniofacial malocclusion. The sample was devided into two groups by age child group aged from 10 to 13 years and adult group aged over 18 years, and each group was devided into 3 types of malocclusion; class I, Class II div. 1 and Class III malocclusion. Child group consist of 35 samples and adult group consist of 20 samples in each malocclusion type. Various angular and linear measurements on the cephalometric radiographs were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results of the study were as follows; 1. The cranial base angle was largest in Class II div. 1 malocclusion and smallest in Class III malocclusion 2. The anterior cranial base length was largest in Class II div. 1 malocclusion but posterior cranial base length did not show statistical difference. 3. The mandibular body length of Class III malocclusion was larger than those of Class I and Class II div. 1 malocclusion in the adult group but did not shown difference in the child group. The ramus height of Class III malocclusion was larger than those of Class I and Class II div. 1 malocclusion in the child and adult group, but there were no difference between Class I and Class II div. 1 malocclusion. 4. The mandibular position was showed low correlation with the cranial base angele.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.67-78
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• 1989

This study was designed to investigate the difference of teeth and craniofacial complex between normal occlusion and Angle's Class II, div. 1 malocclusion in Korean children. The sample was divided into 2 groups, the 66 subjects with normal occlusion and 96 subjects with Angle's Class II, div. 1 malocclusion in both sexes. The results obtained were as follows: 1. No significant differences were observed in ant. cranial base length & cranial flexure (saddle) angle) between normal occlusion & Angle's Class II, div. 1 malocclusion group, but posterior cranial base length of Class II, div. 1 malocclusion group was larger than that of normal occlusion group. 2. No significant difference was observed in the anteroposterior position of Maxilla to cranial base between two groups, but mandibular position in Class II, Div. 1 malocclusion was posterior and interior to that of normal occlusion. 3. The length of maxilla (ANS-PSN) was larger in Class II, div. 1 malocclusion than normal occlusion. The length of mandibular body (Go-Me) was nor different between Class II, div. 1 malocclusion and normal occlusion. 4. Maxillary incisor position of Class II, div. 1 malocclusion to cranial base was more protrusive than that of normal occlusion, but there was no difference in mandibular incisor position between two groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1980

This study was based on the study models of 32 subjects with normal occlusion, 40 with Class I malocclusion, 32 with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion and 38 with Class III malocclusion, aged 12 to 20 years (mean age 16.4 years). The purpose of present study was to define the difference between normal and malocclusion groups in maxillary dental arch and palate. On the basis of findings of this study, the following results were obtained. 1. The intermolar widths and the intercanine widths in Class II, Div. 1 malocclusion group were smaller than in normal occlusion group significantly. 2. The arch lengths measured in both Class I and Class II, Div.1 malocclusion groups were larger than in normal occlusion group. 3. The palates in Class I and Class II, Div. 1 malocclusion groups were longer and narrower than in normal occlusion, but the palates in Class III malocclusion group were shorter than in normal occlusion group significantly. 4. The palatal depths measured at level 1 in Class III malocclusion group were significantly higher than in normal occlusion and in Class II, Div. 1 group they were significantly higher than in normal occlusion at level 2 and 3. 5. The measurements of palatal areas at various levels showed no significant difference between malocclusion and normal occlusion groups. 6. The palatal indies 1 (palatal length / palatal width) measured in both Class I and Class II, Div. 1 malocclusion groups were significantly greater than in normal occlusion and the palatal indice 2 (palatal depth at level 1/palatal width) measured in all malocclusion groups are greater than in normal occlusion. 7. It was determined from findings of this study that the measurements of maxillary dental arch and palate were influenced to a considerable extent by the molar relationship.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.1 s.25
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• pp.89-104
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the relationships between the EMG activity of the masticatory muscles in Angle's Class II div. 1 malocclusion and normal occlusion. This study was ranged from age 12 to 14 year-old for 30 male subjects: 15 subjects were Angle's Class II div. 1 malocclusion, and 15 subjects were normal occlusion with acceptable profile. Their cephalometric measurement were analyzed, and the EMG recordings from the anterior temporal, posterior temporal, masseter, and orbicularis oris muscles were analyzed during rest position, mastication of peanuts, and swallowing. All data was recorded and statistically processed with the VAX-11/780 computer system. The results were as follows: 1. The activity of muscles at rest was highest in the posterior temporal muscle with normal occlusion, as well as in those with Class II div. 1 malocclusion, and the posterior temporal muscle activity of Class II div. 1 malocclusion was higher than that of normal occlusion. 2. During mastication, all muscle activities of Class II div. 1 malocclusion were recorded lower than those of normal occlusion, and the activity of the anterior temporal muscle was higher than that of the posterior temporal muscle in both types of occlusion. 3. As for the activity in orbicularis oris muscle, it was greater in opening phase than in closing phase during chewing cycle with both types of occlusion. 4. During swallowing, the activities of the anterior temporal, masseter, and orbicularis oris muscles of Class II div. 1 malocclusion were recorded lower than those of normal occlusion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-65
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• 1979

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of irregularities of teeth in various malocclusion groups. The subjects consist of 803 out-patients (355 males, and 448 females) in department of Orthodontics of S.N.U. Hospital, Yonsei University, and Kyunghi University Hospital. The results were as follows. 1. The proportions of subjects on the basis of Angle's Classification were 39.2% (42.2% male, and 57.8% fomale) in class I malocclusion, 29.0% (44.6% male, and 55.4% female) in class II. div. 1., 3.5%(46.4% male, and 53.6% female) in class II. div. 2., 28.3%(46.3% male, and 53.7% female) in class III. 2. Considering all the subjects, the percentage of teeth crowding was 67.8% (45.0% male, and 55.0% female). In class I malocclusion, the percentage of Crowding was 70.8%(43.5% male, and 56.5% female) with higher frequency in upper anterior teeth than in lower anterior. 3. The percentage of Maxillary anterior diastema was 25.6% (45.6% male, and 54.4% female) on the whole. In class II. div. 1. malocclusion, the percentage was 28.8% (46.3% male, and 53.7% female) and in class III, the percentage was 19.8% (46.7% male, and 53.3% female). Thus, frequency of maxillary anterior distema, was comparatively higher in class II. div. 1. than in class III. 4. The percentage of high canine was 25.1% (53.2% male, and 46.8% female) on the whole, and was 86.0% male and 76.6% female in right side, 73.0% male and 72.3% female in left side. In calss II. div. 2., the percentage was 53.6% (46.7% male, and 53.3% female ). In class II. div. 1., the percentage was 16.7% (46.2% male, and 53.8%) with higher frequency in class II. div.2. 5. The percentage of deep overbite was 23.0% (43. 2% male, and 56.8% female) on the whole. Ia class 11. div. 2., and in clas sll. div. 1., its were 89.3%(48.0% male and 52.0% female), 54.5% (40.9% male, and 59.1% female) respectively. This result can be considered as one of the characterics of Angle's class 11 malocclusion group. 6. The percentage of spacing was 23.0% (36.8% male, and 63.2% female) on the whole, In class II. div. 1., and in class II. div. 2., its were 26.1% (44.3% male, and 55. 7% female), 7.1% (50.0% male, and 50.0% female) respectively. 7. The percentage of open bite was 14.3% (42.6% male, and 57.4% female) on the whole with higher rate on the anterior part. It rated 17.6%(50. 0% male, and 50.0% female) in class III, but none in class II. div. 2. 8. The percentage of crossbite was 22.5% (55.8% male, and 44.2% female) on the whole, with higher frequency on the anterior part than on the posterior part. In Angle's class III, it rated as much as 55.1% (57.6% male, and 42.4% female). 9. The percentage of edge-to-edge bite was 20.4% (47.6% male, and 52.4% female) with higher frequency on anterior part than on posterior part. 10. The percentage of irregularities of teeth in various malocclusion groups, was 21.5% (24.8% maxillary, and 18.1% mandible) in crowding, 20.8% (23.5% maxillary, and 18.0% mandible) in rotation, 10.7% (10.6% maxillary, and 10.8% mandible) in cross bite, 9.5% (11.8% maxillary, and 7.3% mandible) in spacing, 8.5% (8.5% maxillary, and 8.5% mandible) in edge-to-edge bite, 8.1% (8.3% maxillary, 7.8% mandible) in open bite. Crowding teeth, spacing teeth, and rotating teeh were more prevalent in anterior part than in posterior part. Cross bite teeth and edge-to-edge bite teeth were more prevalent in class III malocclusion than in another.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.325-340
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• 1991

There are evidences that occlusal splint therapy is critical to diagnose hidden akeleto-occlusal disharmonies in malocclusion patients and capable of enhancing stability after orthodontic treatment. In addition, evidences have implicated occlusal splint therapy in condylar positional changes during TMJ disorder treatment. In view of these evidences, this study was performed to investigate the effect of occlusal splint therapy on condylar positional changes in malocclusion patients and the possible clinical application of the occlusal splint as an additional orthodontic tool. For this study, 8 Angle's Class I malocclusion patients, who had centric occlusion-centric relation discrepancy within 1.0 mm and had no clinical symptoms of TMJ disorder, were selected as control group. And 22 malocclusion patients who had centric occlusion-centric relation discrepancy over 1.0 mm were selected and subdivided as Class I Malocclusion group, Class II div. 1 malocclusion group, Class II div. 2 malocclusion group, Open bite group, and Mandibular asymmetry group. For each subject the occlusal splint with mutually protected type of occlusal scheme was applied for 3 months. Condylar positions in centric relation and centric occlusion were measured using Panadent articulators and Panadent condylar position indicator (CPI) before and after occlusal splint therapy. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions might be drawn: 1, In control group, Class II div. 2 malocclusion group, and mandibular assymetry group, there were no significant differences in condylar positions before and after occlusal splint therapy. 2. In Class I malocclusion group, condyles were moved $0.27{\pm}0.45mm$ forward (p < 0.05) and $0.98{\pm}0.25mm$ upward (p < 0.01) after occlusal splint therapy. 3. In Class I malocclusion group, condyles were moved $0.24{\pm}0.21mm$ backward (p < 0.05) and $1.01{\pm}0.33mm$ upward (p < 0.01) after occlusal splint therapy. 4. In open bite group, condyles were moved $1.24{\pm}0.30mm$ upward (p < 0.01) after occlusal splint therapy. 5. In both control and experimental groups, there were no significant differences in lateral condylar positions before and after occlusal splint therapy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.3 s.38
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• pp.691-701
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• 1992

Over recent 20 years, with socioeconomic development and change of recognition of the population, more people are concerned about their health and appearance. To obtain the change of frequency of malocclusion and the demand for orthodontic treatment, with this trend, 2460 freshmen and students of Yonsei Univ. in 1991, aged from 18 to 21 were examined excluding 187 students who have history of orthodontic treatment, 86 students who are undergoing treatment, 39 students who have too much missing teeth to classify. After analize the frequency of malocclusion and the demand for orthodontic treatment, following results was obtained. 1. Sex ratio in the prevalence of malocclusion was $91.7\%/90.8\%$, male to female, so there was no sex predilection. 2. With regard to Angle's Classification, each percentage of Class I, Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2 and Class III was $61.6\%,\;11.3\%,\;1.9\%\;and\;16.7\%$. 3. Of Class I malocclusion, percentage of crowding was 53.2, this occupied the largest part of single findings and prevalent findings in combinations were also crowding - crossbite and crowding - Protrusion. 4. Of Class I malocclusion, over the portion of$95\%$, Bialveolar Protrusion have arised alone. 5. The distribution of Demands for orthodontic treatment of malocclusion were $41.3\%$ in males, and $51.3\%$ in females.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.323-331
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• 1994

1,050 patients who visited orthodontic dental department from 1983 to 1994, were surveyed on the yearly tendency of orthodontic patient distribution and state by means of Angle's classification. The results were as follows: 1. There was increased visiting rate of patient per year and higher visiting rate in female than in male. 2. 8-15 age group was 61.4% in total visiting patients and over 20 age group was 18.5%, under 7 age group was 8.1% 3. Class I malocclusion was 42.2%, class II div 1 was 22.5%, class II-2 was 3.9%, class III was 29.1% and cleft lip & palate was 2.0% in total visiting patient. 4. As showed the living distribution, Namgu and Susunggu's patients were 43.7% of the total patients. 5. There was increased tendency for the number of the patient to be recieved orthognathic surgery.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.270-277
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to clarify the palatal volume and anterior palatal slope of the children with class II div.1 malocclusion and normal occlusion in mixed dentition(Hellman dental age III A) using three-dimensional laser scanner. Samples were consisted of 31 children with skeletal class II div.1 malocclusion in mixed dentition and 29 children with normal occlusion and profile among the contestants in 2000-2004 Healthy Dentition Contest in Seoul. Totally 60 maxillary study model were taken. Each cast was scanned by three-dimensional laser scanner (Breuckmann opto-TOP HE, INUS, Korea) and shaped into the three-dimension image by Rapidform 2004 program(INUS, Korea). And the palatal volume and anterior palatal slope of each cast were calculated by Rapidform 2004 program(INUS, Korea). The values were statistically compared and evaluated by independent samples t-test with 95% of significance level. The results were as follows: 1. Palatal volume was significantly lesser in children with class II div.1 malocclusion than that of normal occlusion in mixed dentition(p<0.05). 2. No significant difference in the anterior palatal slope and palatal height was found between the children with class II div.1 malocclusion and normal occlusion in mixed dentition(p>0.05). 3. Palatal length was significantly greater in children with class II div.1 malocclusion than that of normal occlusion in mixed dentition(p<0.01). 4. Intercanine and intermolar width were significantly lesser in children with class II div.1 malocclusion than those of normal occlusion in mixed dentition(respectively p<0.05 and p<0.01).