• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.83-90
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• 2019

In this study, the characteristics of the SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel) prepared by blending each of the additives (citrus peel, waste wood, coal) in the heavy oil fly ash, evaluating the heavy oil fly ash recyclability. Recycling SRFs were fabricated by pellet extruding method after blending the heavy oil fly ash and additives based on 30% moisture content. As a result, the formability of the SRFs was excellent under condition of blending heavy oil fly ash with coal or citrus peel and the highest calorific value was 4,274 kcal/kg at heavy oil fly ash mixed with coal. Therefore, the formability and calorific value were improved when the heavy oil fly ash was mixed with coal(20 wt%) at 30% moisture content. From these results, the applicability of SRFs with additives was confirmed by using the heavy oil fly ash from J thermal power plant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Objective : Citri Unshius Pericarpium (Citrus unshiu peel) has been used in Korean medicine to treat indigestion, vomiting, coughing and phlegm. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Citrus unshiu peel (CEE) in cadmium (CdCl2)-treated mouse model. Methods : CEE was dissolved in water and administered orally to mice once a day for 7 consecutive days. The mice were then exposed to a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cadmium (4 mg/kg body weight) to induce acute hepatotoxicity. At the end of the experiment, blood and liver tissue samples were collected, analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and histopathological evaluation. Liver damage was assessed as the percentage of degenerative areas of the hepatic parenchyma, the number of degenerative hepatocytes, and the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells. Results : In cadmium-treated rats, pretreatment with CEE significantly reduced the serum ALT and AST levels associated with liver damage. Histopathologically, CEE prevented degenerative changes on the hepatic tissues including confluent necrosis, congestions and infiltration of inflammatory cells. CEE also reduced the elevation of oxidative stress markers (nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal) and apoptosis markers (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) positive cells. PARP protein expression in liver tissue was also restored by CEE. Conclusion : This study showed that CEE exerted antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects against cadmium-induced liver injury. Thus, it can be concluded that CEE can be used to prevent liver damage caused by cadmium.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2021

Mandarin peel (MP) is a by-product of the processing of citrus juice or other products. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-obesity effect of an enzymatic extract of MP on the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The enzymatic extract (MPCE) was prepared using the commercial food-grade carbohydrase Celluclast. Lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in MPCE-treated cells than in untreated cells. In addition, MPCE treatment reduced the protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, and fatty acid-binding protein 4. These results suggest that MPCE inhibits adipogenesis by downregulating the expression levels of adipogenesis-related proteins. Therefore, the current findings demonstrate that MPCE possesses potent anti-obesity properties and could be a potential ingredient in functional food industries.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1997

The conditions of cold storage of Citrus unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa produced in Cheju were investigated. Compared to the citrus fruits stored at room temperature, the content of soluble solids, total sugar, vitamin C and specific gravity decreased slightly on the fruits stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and 87% relative humidity. Decay ratio and weight loss were below 10% on keeping freshness relatively till late of March during cold storage. Weight loss, decrease of firmness and soluble solids occured gradually during cold storage. Nevertheless seal-packaging with 0.02 mm LDPE film or wax-coating of citrus fruits were effective on weight loss and appearance, decay ratio increased for long-term storage. It was needed to control humidity in cold chamber for preventing from decay and weight loss. Edible part ratio was decreased gradually by respiration, and peel and tissue of fruits were softened slightly by 60 days of cold storage. Decay ratio and weight loss of full-ripened citrus fruits were little during the storage for 100 days, compared to the fruits harvested early. Appearance and taste of citrus fruits stored for 4 month were good relatively, but decay occured rapidly on seal-packaging fruits putting out of cold room for a few days. Because of the difficulty of long-term storage for early variety of Citrus unshiu, the conditions and periods of cold storage would be determined after considering the physicochemical properties of fruits.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2002

Quality changes of over-wintering satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa) during storage by chitosan and calcium treatment and type of storage warehouse were investigated. Citrus were treated with 2000-folds diluted iminoctadime-triacetate solution and 1.5% chitosan with 0.5% CaCl$_2$ solutions and were at 30$\^{C}$ far 24 h before storage. The citrus of about 12 kg/26 L plastic container were stored at room temperature, and at 4$\^{C}$ with 87% relative humidity. Chitosan and CaCl$_2$ solution treated citrus fruits were showed lower in decay ratio than the ones without treatment. Also, these chitosan and calcium treated citrus fruits skewed less in weight loss, that seems it also has restraining effect of fruits' transpiration. Decay ratio of citrus with precise temperature and humidity control were lower than the others during storage. Weight loss, moisture content of peel and flesh were decreased slowly during storage. 0.84 ∼0.90% of acid content were decreased on 120 days' storage. Reducing sugar of citrus was decreased rapidly after 90 days, and vitamin C content were also decreased rapidly after 60 days during storage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of ethephon(100mg.L$^{-1}$ ) and calcium carbonate (10000mg.L$^{-1}$ ) on the acceleration of peel coloration of ‘Miyagawa Early’ Satsuma Mandarin in the plastic house. The foliar application treatments were conducted once. twice or 3 time at intervals of 15 days from degreening of the fruit apex. Peel coloration of a value by spraying ethephon ＋ clef-non was increased with treatment frequency. The a/b values ran similar to this trend. As a result of this, peel coloration was accelerated by foliar application of ethephon ＋ clef-non. Glucose and fructose did not differ significantly among foliar application frequencies. Sucrose and total sugar increased as foliar application frequency increased, but there was no significant di(ference among foliar application frequency group. The brix values were higher than 12˚BX in all treatments. However, a distinct difference between the control Brix value and the values for the treatment groups was found only in the level 3 frequency group.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.510-518
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• 1989

Most of orange peels are disposed from orange juice manufacturing process. Thus, our purpose is to utilize these orange peels as fermentation substrate. We have investigated culture conditions and factors influencing citric acid production by an isolated strain, Asp. niger. Citric acid production was much higher in semisolid culture than in submerged culture and the particle size of ground orange peels was favored at 20 mesh in semisolid culture. The optimal pH and temperature were 4.5-5.0 and 3$0^{\circ}C$ respectively and the temperature cycling at 35$^{\circ}C$ for 20 hrs durig exponential phase, 1$0^{\circ}C$ for 4 hrs and 3$0^{\circ}C$ during stationary phase showed higher citric acid production than did at fixed temperature, 3$0^{\circ}C$. The addition of NH$_4$NO$_3$0.2%, MgSO$_4$7$H_2O$ 0.1%, methanol 2.5%, ethanol 1.5%, to culture medium promoted citric acid production but the addition of trace metal ions as nutrients had not effect on the acid production in orange peel medium. Under the optimal culture conditions, maximum yield of citric acid was 80.4% in solid medium. Almost of all original components of citrus peel was consumed by Asp. niger during fermentation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.579-584
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• 2009

In this experiment, three different diets were produced to investigate the effects of Jeju native chicken eggs fed with citrus peel on the profiles of rats. The first diet did not contain any eggs (TS), the second diet contained 10% eggs and no citrus peels (T0), and the third diet contained 10% chicken egg with citrus peels (T1). These diets were provided to 11-week-old male rats for four weeks. The weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly different between the three treatment groups, TS, T0, and T1. The weight of the liver was significantly higher in T0 and T1 than TS (p<0.05), but the weights of the kidney and epididymal fat pad were not significantly different between the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The total lipid, phospholipid, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not significantly difference among the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol/ total cholesterol of T1 were the highest among the groups, and the atherogenic index of T1 was the lowest among the groups (p<0.05). The total protein of TS was significantly lower in T0 and T1, and the albumin of T1 was the highest among the groups (p<0.05). The albumin/globulin ratio of TS was significantly higher in T0 and T1, but the creatinine of T0 was significantly higher in T0 and T1 (p<0.05). The blood sugar and blood pigment were not significantly different between the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The $\gamma$-GTP of T1 was the lowest among the groups (p<0.05), but the ALT, AST and ALP did not show significant difference among the TS, T0, and T1 groups.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical quality characteristics of pork patty added with four different amount (T0:0%, T1:0.3%, T2:0.7%, T3:1.0%) of tangerine (Citrus unshiu) peel. There was no significant difference in chemical composition, cooking yield, water holding capacity, moisture retention, fat retention, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, VBN content, L-value. In taste, texture, juiciness and palatability, the addition of 0.3%~1.0% tangerine peel in pork patty showed no significant difference on sensory properties compared to the pork patty without tangerine peel. Total polyphenol content was highest in T3, and DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in T2 and T3 (p<0.001). The TBARS contents decreased as tangerine peel become added (p<0.001). The pH was highest in T0, and was lowest in T3 (p<0.001). The external a-value of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than that of T0 (p<0.01). The external and internal b-value of T2 and T3 were higher than those of T0 (p<0.01). Flavor of T2 and T3 were higher than those of T0 and T1 (p<0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that an addition of tangerine peel could be utilized as an ingredient in pork patty in promotion of function of tangerine by-products.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.195-200
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• 2005

Objecitves: Peel of Citrus unshiu (Rutaceae) has been used in traditional herbal prescriptions. Hesperidin and naringin contents of Citri Unshii Pericarpium were determined and compared to herbal prescriptions. Then, the different extractions from prescriptions are explained with traditional herbal theories. Methods: The herb and herbal prescriptions were extracted in boiled water. A quantitative analysis was made of hesperidin and naringin using HPLC with-reversed-phase CIS column and a UV detector at 204nm. Elution was carried out at 1.0ml/min with $38\%$ methanol. Results and Conclusions: The extract of Citri Unshii Pericarpium for 180 min was the better method for extracting naringin and hesperidin. The flavonoid contents in remedies are different among several traditional herbal prescriptions. The reason for the difference can be explained with traditional drug interaction theories.