• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.199-202
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• 2004

In this study the field-scale tests were performed in which in-situ E/K remediation technologies were applied, and then the results were present. For traditional E/K remediation method the efficiency of remediation is not large, but the enhanced method with citric acid significantly increases the removal efficiency. Also EDTA, reported as a good enhancement agent for removal of heavy metals, is similar to that of citric acid. Therefore citric acid is preferred rather than EDTA in view of the cost on the contaminant removal per unit concentration.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

This study was carried out not only to identify the optimum concentrations of sulfur powder and citric acid treated for improving arsenic absorption of Pteris multifuda known as hyperaccumulator of arsenic, but also to develop arsenic purification model in the forest soil. After applying sulfur powder (0, 30, 45, $60g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) and citric acid (0, 200, 400, $800g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) in the forest soil contaminated with heavy metals, P. multifuda was planted and cultivated for 16 weeks. And then the growth and arsenic contents of plants were analyzed. In the result of research, the growth of P. mulifuda, except plant width, cultivated in soils treated with sulfur powder and citric acid was relatively lower than control. The accumulated amount of arsenic in aerial parts of P. multifuda ($1822.2mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) cultivated in soils treated with $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid was improved 62.5% against the control. And the accumulated amount of arsenic per 1 $m^2$ ($20.1mg{\cdot}m^{-2}$) was the greatest in $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid treatment. Translocation rate (TR) was higher in all acid treatment compare to control, and was the best in $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid treatment (0.95) especially. It showed that the arsenic absorbed in underground parts was transferred fast to aerial parts. Therefore, $200g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ citric acid treatment in the soil is recommended for arsenic purification using P. multifuda.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 1989

The oxidative stability of palm oil with moisture addition during heationg was investigated and the antioxidant effects of tocopherol, citric acid and sodium polyphosphate were evaluated. The addition of natural tocopherol up to 200 ppm level did not improve the oxidative stability of palm oil with moisture (1m1 $H_2O$ additive to 200g of oil at $180^{\circ}C$). The maximum antioxidant effect was observed at the Concentration of 400 ppm. Addition of citirc acid did not influence the effective concentration of tocopherol. Whereas addition of sodium polyphosphate and citric acid increased the antioxidant effect of tocopherol. The maximum synergistice effect was observed at the concentrations of 50 ppm citric acid and 50 ppm of sodium polyphosphate. Addition of 50 ppm citric acid and 50 ppm sodium polyphosphate to 100 ppm of tocopherol exceeded the antioxidant effect of 400 ppm tocopherol alone.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.6-13
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• 1996

우유공장에서 배출되는 폐수를 Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142의 발효기질로 하여 회분식발효기에서 구연산의 생산에 관하여 연구하였다. 구연산의 생산성을 높이기 위하여 각종 금속이온, Mn$^{2+}$, Fe$^{2+}$, Cu$^{2+}$ 및 Mg$^{2+}$ 등을 첨가하여 발효시킨 결과, Mn$^{2+}$, Fe$^{2+}$, Cu$^{2+}$의 첨가시 구연산의 생산이 증가하였으나, Mg$^{2+}$를 첨가한 경우는 오히려 감소하였다. 우유폐수의 환원당 농도를 각가 50g/l 및 100g/l로 농축하여 Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142를 이용하여 생산된 구연산은 7.2g/l 및 16.5g/l 이상이었다. 실험적인 결과에 의한 세포의 성장, 구연산의 생산 및 기질의 소모속도는 수확적인 모델링에 의해 예측한 경우와 잘 일치하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.754-759
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• 2008

새싹 채소 중 무순의 위생적인 재배 조건을 설정하기 위하여 종자세척 및 관수로서 이산화염소수, citric acid 및 glycerin의 적용 효과를 조사하였다. 무 종자에 인위적으로 오염시키기 위하여 Salmonella typhimurium은 실험실 조건에서 배양하였으며, 무 종자를 S. typhimurium 현탁액에 침지시켜 균수를 약 $10^6\;log\;CFU/g$로 조절하였다. 무 종자에 대한 세척 효과는 이산화염소수 및 citric acid의 단독처리보다 병행처리시 더욱 우수한 효과를 나타내어, 이산화염 소수 200 ppm과 citric acid 2%의 병행처리시 2.89 log CFU/g 의 감소효과를 나타내었다. 또한, glycerol 0.5%/citric acid 2.0% 처리의 경우 3.46 log CFU/g, glycerol 0.5%/이산화염 소수 200 ppm 처리는 2.14 log CFU/g의 S. typhimurium 균의 감소를 나타내어, glycerol 단독 처리보다 병행처리구가 더 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. 무 종자의 발아 및 성정에 따른 균수 감소는 비록 종자에 대한 처리효과가 유의적으로 있었음에도 불구하고 새싹 성장 후 균수의 차이는 미미하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.874-878
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• 2012

곰팡이균을 이용한 구연산 생산에 있어 액체배양의 초기 pH는 구연산 생산에 유의한 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 고체배양에서 Aspergillus niger를 이용한 구연산 생산에 여러 pH의 완충용액이 구연산 생산에 미치는 영향을 밝혀 최적의 완충용액을 찾고자 연구하였다. 실험에 적용된 여러가지 완충용액은 구연산 생산에 영향을 미치며 높은 초기 pH 조건에서 구연산 생산성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 여러가지 완충용액 중, phosphate (pH 8.6) 완충용액과 carbonate 완충용액(pH 10.0)이 고체발효에서 구연산 생산에 가장 적합함을 알 수 있었다. Carbonate 완충용액(pH 10.0)을 사용하여 고체배지의 초기 pH를 6.8으로 하였을 경우, 최대 구연산 생산인 564.3 g/kg solid substrate 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 염기 또는 산을 사용하여 고체 배지의 초기 pH를 4.42로 조정한 배지에 비해 phophate 완충용액을 사용한 pH 4.48의 고체배지에서 구연산 생산성이 1.5배 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 이는 완충용액의 사용이 구연산 생산에 의한 배지의 산성화를 방지해 세포성장과 생산성을 높였다고 결론지을 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.132-142
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• 2018

An elephant digests only around 30~45% of what it consumes; therefore the undigested material mainly passes as intact fibres. Elephant food is usually composed of grass, leaves, twigs, bark, fruit and seed pods. This research aimed to utilize the elephant dung fibers as material for composite board and citric acid as a bonding agent. Citric acid contents in this research were set at 0 wt% (binderless composite board), 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% based on dry weight particles, while the target density was set at $0.8g/cm^3$. Pressing temperatures were set at $180^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$ with the pressing time was 10 minutes. Physical and mechanical properties tests were then performed according to Japanese Industrial Standard A 5905. The result showed that elephant dung fibers could be used as potential materials for composite board. Addition of citric acid and pressing temperature significantly increased the quality of composite board. Infrared analysis indicated that the presence of ester linkages much higher with the increasing of citric acid content and pressing temperature. The optimum properties of composite board made from elephant dung fibers could be achieved at pressing temperature of $200^{\circ}C$ and a citric acid content of 20 wt%.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.359-364
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• 2005

The possible use of milk factory waste water as fermentation media for the production of citric acid by cells of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 has been investigated. The addition of $Mn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ to a medium promoted the citric acid production steadily, but addition of another metal ion $Mg^{2+}$decreased the citric acid production. The concentrations of citric acid were marked up to 7.2g/1 and 16.5g/l in a batch bioreactor by A. niger ATCC 9142 with 50g/1 and 100g/l of reducing sugar concentration in milk factory waste water, respectively.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.393-396
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• 2003

Soil contains the several kinds of metal oxides. Magnetite in soil may contribute the generation of secondary waste during the decontamination of soil by citric acid. Dissolution of magnetite powders by citric acid was investigated in the pH range between 2.0 and 5.0. The dissolution behaviour of magnetite was well described by the equation, A[1 - $e^{-B(x-c)}$]. The parameters of the equation were optimized by the iteration method, and the physical meaning of each parameter was explained. Concentration of each of the dissociated chemical species of citric acid was calculated using the ionization constants. The dissolution reaction was explained by the concentration of the dissociated chemical species of citric acid.d.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.143-146
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• 1990

생강을 ether와 hexane으로 추출하여 황색 유상의 crude gingerol extract를 얻었다. 이것을 TLC 분석한 결과 주성분이 gingerol을 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 crude gingerol extract가 항산화작용을 한다는 것을 발견하였다. Crude gingerol의 항산화환성은 citric acid 0.04% 첨가시 가장 높았으며, 항산화효과는 BHT, crude gingero1+0.04% citric acid, crude gingerol, BHA, tocopherol순의 결과를 나타내었다.